{"id":3524,"date":"2009-02-23T09:29:36","date_gmt":"2009-02-23T05:29:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=3524"},"modified":"2009-02-24T17:15:40","modified_gmt":"2009-02-24T13:15:40","slug":"razboiul-dintre-spanioli-si-englezi-care-s-a-datorat-unei-urechi-taiate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/razboiul-dintre-spanioli-si-englezi-care-s-a-datorat-unei-urechi-taiate\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u0103zboiul dintre spanioli \u015fi englezi care s-a datorat unei urechi t\u0103iate"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"nava-de-razboi\"Oric\u00e2t ar p\u0103rea de incredibil \u015fi de suprarealist, un asemenea conflict (care s-a datorat unei urechi t\u0103iate) s-a purtat, \u00eentre 1739 \u015fi 1748, \u00eentre Marea Britanie \u015fi Spania, nu pe continentul european \u00eens\u0103, ci \u00een posesiunile americane ale celor dou\u0103 mari puteri, mai precis \u00een Noua Granada, Caraibe, frontiera dintre Florida \u015fi Georgia. Denumirea neobi\u015fnuit\u0103 a r\u0103zboiului i se datoreaz\u0103 unui oarecare Robert Jenkins, rud\u0103 lui Steve Attridge, c\u0103pitan \u00een flota britanic\u0103; marinarul a prezentat \u00een Parlament urechea retezat\u0103 \u015fi mumificat\u0103 a acestuia, sus\u0163in\u00e2nd c\u0103 spaniolii ce patrulau de-a lungul coastelor americane i-o t\u0103iaser\u0103.<\/p>\n

De fapt, n-a fost dec\u00e2t sc\u00e2nteia menit\u0103 s\u0103 aprind\u0103 un butoi de pulbere pe cale oricum s\u0103 explodeze. Dup\u0103 cum se \u015ftie, la \u00eencheierea r\u0103zboiului pentru succesiunea la tronul Spaniei, tratatul de la Utrecht d\u0103duse Marii Britanii dreptul de a asigura un num\u0103r nelimitat de sclavi pentru coloniile spaniole \u015fi 500 tone de bunuri pe an. Faptul oferise o ocazie nea\u015fteptat\u0103 pentru comercian\u0163ii britanici de a se infiltra pe pie\u0163ele spaniole din America. Acest nego\u0163 direct dintre Marea Britanie \u015fi coloniile spaniole din Lumea Nou\u0103 a reprezentat, desigur, o surs\u0103 permanent\u0103 de tensiune \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 \u0163\u0103ri \u015fi rela\u0163iile dintre ele erau deja extrem de \u00eencordate, la data incidentului Jenkins. \u00cen alt\u0103 ordine de idei, s\u0103 nu uit\u0103m c\u0103 ura dintre cele dou\u0103 na\u0163iuni era secular\u0103 \u015fi c\u0103 doar de la \u00eenceputul acelui veac britanicii \u015fi spaniolii mai fuseser\u0103 \u00een r\u0103zboi de dou\u0103 ori, \u00eentre 1718-1720 \u015fi \u00eentre 1726-1729.<\/p>\n

Prin tratatul de la Sevilla, \u00eencheiat \u00een 1729, Marea Britanie acordase vaselor de r\u0103zboi spaniole dreptul de a opri \u015fi controla navele comerciale britanice. Spaniolii au interpretat m\u0103sur\u0103 \u00eentr-un mod diferit \u015fi multe cargouri au fost pur \u015fi simplu confiscate. Mai mult, ei se pl\u00e2ngeau c\u0103 guvernul de la Londra \u00eencurajeaz\u0103 tacit activitatea pira\u0163ilor englezi din Caraibe, care jefuiau cor\u0103biile spaniole, \u00eenc\u0103rcate cu aurul Americilor.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ciuda faptului c\u0103 premierul Sir Robert Walpole a sprijinit Spania \u00een timpul r\u0103zboiului pentru succesiunea la tronul Poloniei, \u00eentre 1732 \u015fi 1737, nemul\u0163umirile opiniei publice britanice fa\u0163\u0103 de \u201eobr\u0103znicia\u201d spaniolilor cre\u015fteau, odat\u0103 cu opozi\u0163ia fa\u0163\u0103 de guvernarea tot mai nepopular\u0103 a lui Walpole. Incidentul la care ne-am referit avusese loc cu \u015fapte ani mai devreme, \u00een 1731, c\u00e2nd brigantina britanic\u0103 Rebecca a fost controlat\u0103 de nava \u201eguarda-costa\u201d Isabela, condus\u0103 de Julio Leon Fandino care, \u00een urma unui conflict spontan, t\u0103iase cu sabia urechea unuia dintre matelo\u0163i, Robert Jenkins.<\/p>\n

Pe moment, \u00eent\u00e2mplarea nu st\u00e2rnise v\u00eelv\u0103, dar dup\u0103 1738, \u00een urma interven\u0163iei cumnatului s\u0103u, Attridge, Jenkins dob\u00e2ndise oportunitatea de a-\u015fi povesti p\u0103\u0163ania \u00een fa\u0163a unei comisii a Camerei Comunelor. Incidentul, amplificat de presa londonez\u0103, a c\u0103p\u0103tat dimensiunile unei insulte na\u0163ionale \u015fi a devenit un cassus belli c\u00e2t se poate de elocvent. Walpole a fost nevoit s\u0103 cedeze presiunilor \u015fi s\u0103 trimit\u0103 trupe \u00een Indiile de Vest \u015fi un escadron \u00een Gibraltar, sub comanda amiralului Haddock. M\u0103surile au declan\u015fat o ripost\u0103 imediat\u0103 din partea spaniolilor: regele Filip V a anulat drepturile comerciale conferite britanicilor \u015fi a poruncit ca toate navele britanice existente \u00een acel moment \u00een porturile spaniole s\u0103 fie confiscate. Pe 14 august 1739, Marea Britanie \u015fi-a rechemat ambasadorul de la Madrid \u015fi a declarat oficial r\u0103zboi pe 19 octombrie.<\/p>\n

Una dintre primele ac\u0163iuni militare a fost capturarea de c\u0103tre englezi, pe 22 noiembrie, a unui port din Noua Grenad\u0103 (actuala Panama), Puerto Bello, \u00een \u00eencercarea de a afecta interesele financiare ale Spaniei. Portul constituia un punct major de export al argintului exploatat \u00een coloniile spaniole \u015fi, fiind slab aparat, a fost imediat cucerit de flotila amiralului Edward Vernon. Economia spaniol\u0103 a avut serios de suferit \u015fi cur\u00e2nd vasele comerciale ale lui Filip au fost nevoite s\u0103 ocoleasc\u0103 America de Sud, pe la Capul Horn, pentru a putea ajunge pe coastele vestice ale continentului f\u0103r\u0103 probleme.<\/p>\n

La Londra, victoria a declan\u015fat valuri de entuziasm \u015fi \u00een 1740, cu ocazia unui dineu oferit de rege \u00een onoarea lui Vernon, c\u00e2ntecul \u201eGod Save the King\u201d, devenit imn na\u0163ional, a fost auzit \u00een public pentru prima oar\u0103. O strad\u0103 din capitala britanic\u0103 a fost numit\u0103 \u00een cinstea izb\u00e2nzii Portobello Road, iar victoria a devenit cel mai celebrat eveniment al secolului XVIII. \u00cemb\u0103ta\u0163i de succes, britanicii l-au trimis pe comandorul George Anson s\u0103 atace posesiunile spaniole din Filipine, dar ac\u0163iunea s-a soldat cu un e\u015fec. Punctul central al r\u0103zboiului pentru urechea lui Jenkins a fost \u00eens\u0103 ambi\u0163iosul atac lansat de amiralul Vernon \u00een martie 1741, \u00eempotriva ora\u015fului Cartagena de Indias, unul dintre principalele porturi exportatoare de aur din colonia Nou\u0103 Grenad\u0103.<\/p>\n

Dar organizarea pripit\u0103, conflictele cu comandan\u0163ii trupelor de uscat \u015fi problemele de logistic\u0103 au erodat prematur moralul britanicilor. Puternicele fortifica\u0163ii ale Cartaginei \u015fi strategia abil\u0103 a comandantului spaniol Blas de Lezo au dat invadatorilor lovitura de gra\u0163ie. Secera\u0163i de gloan\u0163ele ap\u0103r\u0103torilor ora\u015fului, m\u0103cina\u0163i de frigurile galbene, oamenii lui Vernon au fost nevoi\u0163i s\u0103 se retrag\u0103. Atacurile desf\u0103\u015furate \u00eempotriva altor porturi spaniole, din Cuba, Florida sau Panama au e\u015fuat \u015fi ele, lamentabil \u015fi \u00een cele din urm\u0103 britanicii au fost nevoi\u0163i s\u0103 cear\u0103 pace, cu at\u00e2t mai mult cu c\u00e2t un nou conflict \u2013 cel pentru succesiunea la tronul Austriei \u2013 le solicit\u0103 aten\u0163ia \u00een Europa.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Oric\u00e2t ar p\u0103rea de incredibil \u015fi de suprarealist, un asemenea conflict (care s-a datorat unei urechi t\u0103iate) s-a purtat, \u00eentre 1739 \u015fi 1748, \u00eentre Marea Britanie \u015fi Spania, nu pe continentul european \u00eens\u0103, ci \u00een posesiunile americane ale celor dou\u0103 … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3525,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[9795,1142,73,318,184],"class_list":["post-3524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-istorie","tag-mare-britanie","tag-razboi","tag-spania","tag-ureche","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nR\u0103zboiul dintre spanioli \u015fi englezi care s-a datorat unei urechi t\u0103iate - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/razboiul-dintre-spanioli-si-englezi-care-s-a-datorat-unei-urechi-taiate\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"R\u0103zboiul dintre spanioli \u015fi englezi care s-a datorat unei urechi t\u0103iate\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Oric\u00e2t ar p\u0103rea de incredibil \u015fi de suprarealist, un asemenea conflict (care s-a datorat unei urechi t\u0103iate) s-a purtat, \u00eentre 1739 \u015fi 1748, \u00eentre Marea Britanie \u015fi Spania, nu pe continentul european \u00eens\u0103, ci \u00een posesiunile americane ale celor dou\u0103 ... 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