{"id":3297,"date":"2009-02-12T15:04:55","date_gmt":"2009-02-12T11:04:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=3297"},"modified":"2009-02-13T09:47:53","modified_gmt":"2009-02-13T05:47:53","slug":"kendo-sau-arta-sabiei-la-japonezi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/kendo-sau-arta-sabiei-la-japonezi\/","title":{"rendered":"Kendo, sau arta sabiei la japonezi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"kendo2\"Kendo este rezultatul moderniz\u0103rii vechilor tehnici japoneze de lupt\u0103 cu sabia, ken-jutsu sau gekiken, descins\u0103 direct din r\u0103zboi. Aceste tehnici r\u0103zboinice sunt dezvoltate pe c\u00e2mpurile de lupt\u0103, sau \u00een dueluri. Dur\u00e2nd aproape un mileniu, din secolul al VII-lea \u00een secolul al XVII-lea, folosindu-se de la arc, arme albe de toate tipurile, p\u00e2n\u0103 la armele de foc, care \u0163in \u00een mod esen\u0163ial de existen\u0163a r\u0103zboinicului, sabia este cea de care reprezenta ra\u0163iunea de a tr\u0103i \u015fi de a muri pentru un adev\u0103rat lupt\u0103tor.<\/p>\n

\u00cen timpul celor dou\u0103 secole \u015fi jum\u0103tate de pace pe care le-a cunoscut Japonia \u00eenainte de deschiderea s\u0103 c\u0103tre lumea modern\u0103 din 1868, cei care purtau sabia au adaptat codul de conduit\u0103 a r\u0103zboinicului pe timp de pace, \u015fi tot ei au transformat practicarea ken-jutsu \u00eentr-o form\u0103 pa\u015fnic\u0103. Sabia din lemn, bokken, \u015fi sabia din bambus, shinai, au devenit replicile mortalelor s\u0103bii de o\u0163el, ken, cunoscute mai ales sub numele de katana.<\/p>\n

Nu este cel mai mic paradox al kendo-ului modern, (dar exemple au str\u0103b\u0103tut lumea) ca o form\u0103 de lupt\u0103 care are ca scop suprem respectul asupra integrit\u0103\u0163ii adversarului \u015fi o polite\u0163e absolut\u0103, c\u0103 dezvoltarea istoric\u0103 este marcat\u0103 de milioane de morti prin sabie.<\/p>\n

Istoria ken-jutsu-ului, urmat\u0103 de cea a kendo-ului, este autentic\u0103 \u015fi putem spune exclusiv japonez\u0103, \u00een m\u0103sura \u00een care influen\u0163ele continentale, \u00een principal cele chineze, au marcat domeniul artelor mar\u0163iale. \u00cen \u0163ara sa de origine, aceast\u0103 istorie face \u00eenc\u0103 obiectul a foarte numeroase publica\u0163ii, de la cele adresate publicului larg, p\u00e2n\u0103 la teze universitare. Occidentul a \u00eenceput s\u0103 descopere aceast\u0103 literatur\u0103, dar traducerile, chiar cele \u00een limba englez\u0103 sunt foarte rare.<\/p>\n

Vom \u00eencerca \u00een cadrul acestei introduceri s\u0103 men\u0163ion\u0103m c\u00e2teva repere istorice \u015fi principalele etape ale istoriei kendo-ului.<\/p>\n

Repere istorice s\u0103biilor de lupt\u0103 din Japonia<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\"kendo1\"1) \u00cen epoca chinez\u0103 SUI (589-618) \u015fi \u00eenceputul epocii TANG (618-907), sabia dreapt\u0103 cu dou\u0103 t\u0103i\u015furi, m\u00e2nuit\u0103 cu o singur\u0103 m\u00e2n\u0103 pentru a str\u0103punge du\u015fmanul, este introdus\u0103 \u00een Japonia; este utilizat\u0103 al\u0103turi de arc \u015fi halebard\u0103 \u00een b\u0103t\u0103lii care, \u00een acea epoc\u0103, angajeaz\u0103 \u00een mod esen\u0163ial infanteria.<\/p>\n

2) La mijlocul epoca HEIAN (794-1195), grupurile de cavalerie c\u00e2\u015ftig\u0103 \u00een popularitate. S\u0103biile lungi, curbate, m\u00e2nuite cu o singur\u0103 m\u00e2n\u0103 devin superioare s\u0103biilor drepte chineze. Lupt\u00e2nd de pe cal, un cavaler care utilizeaz\u0103 o lam\u0103 lung\u0103, curbat\u0103, are mai mult\u0103 for\u0163\u0103 \u00een lovitur\u0103. Tehnica indigen\u0103 de producere a s\u0103biilor s-a perfec\u0163ionat datorit\u0103 forjorilor japonezi. \u00cen timpul revoltelor din era Hogen (1156) \u015fi din era Heiji (1159) r\u0103zboinicii din toate clanurile, foloseau s\u0103bii lungi, curbate, manevrate cu dou\u0103 m\u00e2ini.<\/p>\n

3) \u00cen perioada BAKUFU din epoca KAMAKURA (1185-1333), lungimea sabiei este sinonima eficacit\u0103\u0163ii; \u00een raport cu talia \u015fi for\u0163a lupt\u0103torului, ea putea varia de la 1,3 m, la 1,8 m. Purtat\u0103 de un servitor \u00een perioadele de acalmie, \u00een timpul b\u0103t\u0103liei, sabia \u00een teaca sa, era suspendat\u0103 la \u015foldul r\u0103zboinicului.<\/p>\n

4) \u00cen epoca MORUMACHI (1333-1573), necesitatea de mobilitate a trupelor, cu apari\u0163ia a numero\u015fi r\u0103zboinici pedestri \u00eenarma\u0163i cu o singur\u0103 sabie, a schimbat fizionomia lupt\u0103torilor. Arcul, lancea, naginata erau de asemeni utilizate. Sabia, pentru a putea fi m\u00e2nuit\u0103 mai u\u015for a fost scurtat\u0103 \u015fi preg\u0103tirea lupt\u0103torilor, bushi, s-a concentrat asupra eficacit\u0103\u0163ii \u00een acest gen de arm\u0103. Ace\u015ftia sunt anii de aur a cre\u0103rii de \u015fcoli de sabie cu conduc\u0103torii lor, kengo, mae\u015ftri faimo\u015fi, care \u015fi-au cucerit reputa\u0163ia eficacit\u0103\u0163ii pe c\u00e2mpul de lupt\u0103 \u015fi \u00een confrunt\u0103rile individuale, taryu jiai. Ei, \u00een timpul c\u0103l\u0103toriilor ini\u0163iatice, gyo, au traversat tara, experiment\u00e2ndu-\u015fi tehnicile cu al\u0163i exper\u0163i.<\/p>\n

5) \u00cen epocile AZUCHI MOMOYAMA (1573-1600) \u015fi EDO (1603-1868), \u0163ara este guvernat\u0103 prin sistemul Bakufu, condus\u0103 centralizat de Shogun, iar fiefurile provinciale, Han, sub tutela seniorilor, Daimyo. Ken jutsu cu adev\u0103rat intr\u0103 \u00een declin; \u00een absen\u0163a r\u0103zboiului, practica din numeroase Ryu-uri r\u0103m\u00e2ne f\u0103r\u0103 motiva\u0163ie.<\/p>\n

\u00cen \u015fcoli se studia cu s\u0103bii din lemn dur, bokken, forme precise \u015fi rigide, kata, de atac, de blocaj \u015fi ripost\u0103; c\u0103tre mijlocul secolului al XVIII-lea utilizarea shinaiului \u015fi protec\u0163iilor orienteaz\u0103 practica c\u0103tre o expresie mai liber\u0103 \u015fi mai aproape de lupt\u0103. Fa\u0163\u0103 de decaden\u0163\u0103 spiritual\u0103 \u015fi material\u0103 care a marcat pe r\u0103zboinici, bushi, elementul moral \u015fi spiritual devine preponderent \u00een codul de via\u0163\u0103, Bushido, Calea R\u0103zboinicului.<\/p>\n

Perioada de deschidere for\u0163at\u0103 a Japoniei c\u0103tre Occident din 1853 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1868, a fost teatrul confrunt\u0103rilor multiple \u00eentre cei ce doreau s\u0103 p\u0103streze vechea ordine \u015fi partizanii unei noi ordini. Neglij\u00e2nd armele de foc, bushi, ronini, \u00een confruntarea cu arme albe, riscau dispari\u0163ia, odat\u0103 cu sf\u00e2r\u015fitul tradi\u0163iei sabiei.<\/p>\n

6) Epoca MEIJI (1868 – \u00eenceputul restaura\u0163iei imperiale). Cu presiunea sistemului unde r\u0103zboinici au fost baz\u0103 \u015fi interdic\u0163ia de-a purta s\u0103biile, dojo-urile de ken jutsu au disp\u0103rut aproape complet \u00een aproximativ zece ani.<\/p>\n

Pentru ca m\u0103iestria m\u00e2nuirii sabiei s\u0103 nu se \u00eendrepte c\u0103tre uitare, un spadasin celebru, Sakakibara Kenkichi (1829-1894), a pus \u00een scen\u0103 \u00een 1873, \u00eempotriva tuturor reticen\u0163elor, spectacole de ken jutsu, unde mae\u015ftri ai vechilor ryu-uri s-au \u00eenfruntat f\u0103r\u0103 a curge s\u00e2nge.<\/p>\n

Trec\u00e2nd perioada de copiere exagerat\u0103 a noii mode occidentale, Japonia imperial\u0103, pentru a se plasa pe un loc \u00een lumea modern\u0103, a dezvoltat la toate subiectele, o form\u0103 nou\u0103 de patriotism, bazat pe devo\u0163iune c\u0103tre \u00eemp\u0103rat. Vechile valori ale Bushido-ului au g\u0103sit \u00een mod natural locul \u00een armat\u0103, poli\u0163ie, \u00een educa\u0163ia copiilor. Acesta a fost \u00eenceputul kendo-ului actual.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1879, for\u0163a metropolitan\u0103 de Poli\u0163ie din TOKYO a creat un curs de ken jutsu adresat poli\u0163i\u015ftilor. \u00cen 1911, gekken (ken jutsu) \u015fi ju jutsu au fost incluse ca materii obligatorii \u00een programele \u015fcolilor medii. \u00cen anii \u201930 kendo devine suportul pe care se muleaz\u0103 ultranationalismul \u015fi militarismul care era \u00een ascensiune. \u00cen 1939, kendo a fost \u00eenscris \u00een programa de activit\u0103\u0163i fizice pentru elevii din ultimul an din \u015fcolile primare. Din 1941 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1945, Japonia, prins\u0103 \u00een r\u0103zboiul din Pacific a l\u0103sat studiul pentru practic\u0103. Dup\u0103 capitulare, for\u0163ele de ocupa\u0163ie au interzis practicarea kendo-ului.<\/p>\n

Din 1949 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1952 o form\u0103 \u00eendulcit\u0103 de kendo la occidentali, competi\u0163ia de shinai, Shinai Kyogi, a fost autorizat\u0103. Kendo se practic\u0103 pe ascuns. \u00cen 1952, \u00een urma evolu\u0163iei raportului dintre ocupan\u0163i \u015fi ocupa\u0163i, instituit de r\u0103zboiul din Coreea, practica kendo-ului a fost din nou autorizat\u0103.<\/p>\n

1962 coincide cu reevaluarea programelor pentru colegii \u015fi licee, care a fost \u00eenceputul ascensiunii kendo-ului \u015fi perioada acordat\u0103 prioritar competi\u0163iilor. \u00cen 1970 se creaz\u0103 Federa\u0163ia Interna\u0163ional\u0103 de Kendo, \u015fi are loc primul campionat mondial de kendo.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kendo este rezultatul moderniz\u0103rii vechilor tehnici japoneze de lupt\u0103 cu sabia, ken-jutsu sau gekiken, descins\u0103 direct din r\u0103zboi. Aceste tehnici r\u0103zboinice sunt dezvoltate pe c\u00e2mpurile de lupt\u0103, sau \u00een dueluri. Dur\u00e2nd aproape un mileniu, din secolul al VII-lea \u00een secolul … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3298,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[128,1093,1094,9802],"class_list":["post-3297","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-japonia","tag-kendo","tag-sabie","tag-sport","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nKendo, sau arta sabiei la japonezi - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/kendo-sau-arta-sabiei-la-japonezi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kendo, sau arta sabiei la japonezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kendo este rezultatul moderniz\u0103rii vechilor tehnici japoneze de lupt\u0103 cu sabia, ken-jutsu sau gekiken, descins\u0103 direct din r\u0103zboi. Aceste tehnici r\u0103zboinice sunt dezvoltate pe c\u00e2mpurile de lupt\u0103, sau \u00een dueluri. Dur\u00e2nd aproape un mileniu, din secolul al VII-lea \u00een secolul ... 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