Anale economice<\/strong><\/em>, din anul 1861. \u00centr-un articol, men\u0163ion\u00e2ndu-se marile bog\u0103\u0163ii ale \u0163\u0103rii (f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 se specifice care erau ele), se afirm\u0103 c\u0103 Rom\u00e2nia ar constitui „gr\u00e2narul Europei”. Formula a fost repetat\u0103 apoi, p\u00e2n\u0103 la izbucnirea primului r\u0103zboi mondial \u015fi tot p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci marii proprietari pledau pentru men\u0163inerea latifundiilor, a marilor exploata\u0163ii agricole care, argumentau ei, au f\u0103cut din Rom\u00e2nia gr\u00e2narul Europei.<\/p>\n\u00cen perioada interbelic\u0103, 1919-1939, stindardul „Rom\u00e2nia – gr\u00e2nar al Europei” s-a plecat, \u00eentruc\u00e2t marea proprietate funciar\u0103, prin reforma agrar\u0103 din anul 1921, s-a transformat, \u00een majoritatea ei, \u00een mica proprietate \u015fi mica exploata\u0163ie agricol\u0103, cu randamente reduse. Dar legenda nu a apus; \u00een unele publica\u0163ii, \u00een unele pledoarii parlamentare, care nu acordau aten\u0163ie, ca de obicei, datelor statistice, se mai auzea afirma\u0163ia m\u00e2ndriei na\u0163ionale „a Rom\u00e2niei, gr\u00e2nar al Europei”. O serie de publica\u0163ii \u015fi autori str\u0103ini au preluat \u015fi difuzat, la r\u00e2ndul lor, aceast\u0103 apreciere.<\/p>\n
Vreme de o jum\u0103tate de secol apoi, de la cel de al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial \u015fi \u00een toat\u0103 perioada agriculturii colectiviste \u015fi statal centralizate, legenda a adormit. A fost trezit\u0103 \u015fi repus\u0103 \u00een circula\u0163ie cu energie dup\u0103 1989, \u00een diferite scopuri electorale, politice sau pur \u015fi simplu din ignoran\u0163\u0103, mai ales \u00een Parlament. \u015ei astfel, fie din amintire, fie din auzite din b\u0103tr\u00e2ni ori pentru c\u0103 legenda folosea ca argument pentru unele cauze, ea a trecut \u00een mass-media. Propagarea ei era favorizata acum \u015fi de faptul c\u0103 nici \u00een c\u0103r\u0163ile de istorie general\u0103 nu se spunea nimic \u015fi nici \u00een lucr\u0103rile \u015ftiin\u0163ifice de istorie social\u0103 \u015fi economic\u0103. Dar c\u00e2\u0163i oameni din \u0163ara noastr\u0103 cunosc situa\u0163ia agriculturii romane\u015fti de acum 100 sau 50 ani? \u015ei atunci autoritatea politic\u0103 sau administrativ\u0103 a celor care sus\u0163ineau c\u0103 Rom\u00e2nia era gr\u00e2narul Europei \u00eenvestea aceast\u0103 afirma\u0163ie cu credibilitate; \u015fi tot rom\u00e2nul regret\u0103 acum trecutul glorios al \u0163\u0103rii, care \u00eenainte vreme hr\u0103nea Europa. Uneori, afirma\u0163ia „Rom\u00e2nia, gr\u00e2narul Europei” este adus\u0103 ca argument pentru justificarea eficien\u0163ei micii exploata\u0163ii agricole actuale rezultat\u0103 prin efectul legii funciare ce a desfiin\u0163at C.A.P.-urile \u015fi a retrocedat p\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u0163\u0103ranilor.<\/p>\n
S\u0103 apel\u0103m deci la datele statistice, singurele \u00een m\u0103sur\u0103 s\u0103 comensureze produc\u0163ia \u015fi exportul rom\u00e2nesc de cereale \u015fi locul s\u0103u \u00een Europa.<\/p>\n
Pe la 1860, potrivit unei statistici comparative europene, ap\u0103rut\u0103 la Lemberg, \u00een 1865, produc\u0163ia de cereale a Rom\u00e2niei se ridic\u0103 la 115 milioane franci francezi, iar exportul de cereale, ce reprezenta 31% din produc\u0163ie, \u00eensuma 36 milioane franci. \u00cen aceea\u015fi perioad\u0103, \u0163\u0103rile exportatoare europene trimiteau peste grani\u0163\u0103 – \u00een general, tot \u00een \u0163\u0103rile continentului – cereale \u00een valoare de 573 milioane franci. Rusia \u015fi Polonia de\u0163ineau 42% din exportul european, Imperiul otoman exporta cereale \u00een valoare de 84 milioane franci, Austria 62 milioane, Danemarca 52 milioane, Uniunea vamal\u0103 german\u0103 (creat\u0103 \u00een 1819) 36 milioane. Deci exportul conta cu 6,2% din totalul exportului \u0163\u0103rilor europene.<\/p>\n
Totodat\u0103, o alt\u0103 categorie de state europene importau cereale \u00een suma de 811 milioane franci. Rom\u00e2nia acoperea 4,4% din importul general al Europei. Continentul nostru avea un deficit de cereale (importa \u00een valoare de 811 milioane franci \u015fi exporta de 573 milioane) de 238 milioane franci, acoperit din importuri de peste Ocean. Ca urmare, cu 6,2% din exportul \u015fi cu 4,4% din importul european, Rom\u00e2nia nu putea constitui, la 1860, \u00een nici un caz sursa principal\u0103 de aprovizionare a Europei cu cereale, fiind deci departe de a constitui gr\u00e2narul Europei”.<\/p>\n
\u00cen perioada 1860-1915, agricultura Rom\u00e2niei a f\u0103cut progrese notabile. A sporit astfel surplusul de cereale pentru export de la 568 mii tone, \u00een media anilor 1862-1866, la 1925 mii tone \u00een media anilor 1909-1913, respectiv o cre\u015ftere a volumului exportului de 5,1 ori. Rom\u00e2nia era astfel, pe la 1913, o \u0163ar\u0103 important\u0103 \u00een produc\u0163ia \u015fi exportul de cereale a continentului. \u00cen perioada luat\u0103 \u00een calcul, Rom\u00e2niei \u00eei revenea 5% din produc\u0163ia de cereale a continentului, dar 6,4% \u00een cea de gr\u00e2u \u015fi 18% \u00een produc\u0163ia de porumb. La exportul Europei de 21,6 milioane tone, Rom\u00e2nia contribuia cu 2,9 milioane tone, respectiv cu 13,4% din total. \u0163ara noastr\u0103 acoperea 8,7% din cele 33,2 milioane tone de cereale importate de Europa. Totalul necesita\u0163ilor de consum ale Europei (produc\u0163ia plus importul minus exportul) se ridic\u0103 la 132,6 milioane tone, la care \u0163ara noastr\u0103 contribuia (consum intern plus export) cu 6,2 milioane tone, ceea ce \u00eensemna 4,7% din trebuin\u0163ele continentului. Cu toate acestea, cu 5% din produc\u0163ia de cereale a continentului, cu 13,4% din exportul sau, cu 8,7% \u00een acoperirea importului \u015fi cu numai 4,7% din consumul \u00eentregului continent, Rom\u00e2nia nu putea fi considerat\u0103 nici \u00eenaintea primului r\u0103zboi mondial „gr\u00e2narul Europei”.<\/p>\n
\u00cen perioada interbelic\u0103, datorit\u0103 dezmembr\u0103rii marii propriet\u0103\u0163i latifundiare care furniza majoritatea produc\u0163iei la export \u015fi transform\u0103rii ei \u00een mici exploata\u0163ii \u0163\u0103r\u0103ne\u015fti, Rom\u00e2nia pierde pozi\u0163iile ocupate \u00een produc\u0163ia \u015fi exportul de cereale ale continentului de dinainte de primul r\u0103zboi mondial. Una dintre consecin\u0163ele f\u0103r\u00e2mi\u0163\u0103rii \u015fi parcel\u0103rii agriculturii romane\u015fti a fost reducerea randamentelor la hectar ale diferitelor culturi cu 20-30% \u015fi sc\u0103derea serioas\u0103 a calit\u0103\u0163ii produc\u0163iei agricole, cu repercusiuni drastice asupra capacit\u0103\u0163ii de concuren\u0163\u0103 pe pia\u0163a mondial\u0103 a cerealelor.<\/p>\n
\u00cen rezumat, popula\u0163ia s-a m\u0103rit de 2,7 ori, produc\u0163ia pe locuitor s-a redus la 62,3%, deci cu peste o treime fa\u0163\u0103 de anii 1909-1913, \u00een vreme ce consumul este aproape stagnant (o cre\u015ftere de 1%). Reducerea produc\u0163iei s-a repercutat numai asupra exportului, care st\u0103 diminuat cu 82%.<\/p>\n
S\u0103 vedem acum care era pozi\u0163ia Rom\u00e2niei \u00een produc\u0163ia, exportul \u015fi importul Europei \u00een ultima parte a perioadei interbelice. Dup\u0103 datele Anuarului interna\u0163ional de statistic\u0103 agricol\u0103, \u00een media perioadei 1934-1938 \u00een Europa se produceau 126,3 milioane tone cereale, din care Rom\u00e2niei \u00eei reveneau 10,5 milioane, respectiv 8,3%. \u00cen aceea\u015fi perioad\u0103, continentul nostru importa anual 41,4 milioane tone cereale \u015fi exporta 10,9 milioane tone. Rom\u00e2nia conta cu 3,9% \u00een importul continentului \u015fi cu 14,7% \u00een exportul sau. Consumul Europei \u00een acela\u015fi interval de timp reprezenta 157,1 milioane tone, iar al Rom\u00e2niei era de 10,3 milioane tone, adic\u0103 6,6% din consumul continentului.<\/p>\n
Datele statistice de mai sus demonstreaz\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 putin\u0163\u0103 de t\u0103gad\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een toat\u0103 perioada modern\u0103 a Rom\u00e2niei, de\u015fi \u0163ara noastr\u0103 avea o structur\u0103 economic\u0103 agrar\u0103 sau preponderent agrar\u0103, cu unul dintre cele mai ridicate grade de cerealizare din Europa – \u00eentre 80-90% din \u00eentreaga suprafa\u0163\u0103 arabila se \u00eens\u0103m\u00e2n\u0163a cu cereale -, nu avea \u00een mod obiectiv capacitatea de a furniza o mas\u0103 mare de cereale Europei pentru a putea fi considerat\u0103 principala sau una dintre principalele surse de alimentare a continentului.
\n\u015ei dup\u0103 1950, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1989, c\u00e2nd colectivizarea for\u0163at\u0103 a creat mari exploata\u0163ii agricole, iar prin investi\u0163ii masive s\u00e4 mecanizat \u015fi chimizat agricultura, peste o treime din terenul arabil fiind amenajat pentru iriga\u0163ii, ceea ce a sporit randamentul la hectar, oferta de cereale romane\u015fti pe pia\u0163a european\u0103 a r\u0103mas modest\u0103.<\/p>\n
Datele statistice ne arat\u0103 clar c\u0103 datorit\u0103 resurselor sale naturale – suprafa\u0163a \u015fi popula\u0163ie -, c\u00e2t \u015fi datorit\u0103 caracterului preponderent manual al procesului de produc\u0163ie cu randamente reduse, Rom\u00e2nia nu a putut \u015fi nu putea s\u0103 fie o baz\u0103 prioritar\u0103 de aprovizionarecu cereale a Europei, sau cum a circulat legenda – „gr\u00e2narul Europei”.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Asemenea oric\u0103rei legende, nici despre aceasta „Rom\u00e2nia, gr\u00e2nar al Europei” – nu se \u015ftie cine a creat-o \u015fi c\u00e2nd a fost pus\u0103 \u00een circula\u0163ie. Dar ea a tr\u0103it, tr\u0103ie\u015fte, alimentat\u0103 de viziunea mistic\u0103 a celor care cred \u00een ea sau … <\/p>\n
Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3016,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[1035,341,9795,74],"class_list":["post-3015","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-cereale","tag-europa","tag-istorie","tag-romania","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nRom\u00e2nia n-a fost niciodat\u0103 gr\u00e2narul Europei - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/romania-n-a-fost-niciodata-granarul-europei\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Rom\u00e2nia n-a fost niciodat\u0103 gr\u00e2narul Europei\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Asemenea oric\u0103rei legende, nici despre aceasta „Rom\u00e2nia, gr\u00e2nar al Europei” – nu se \u015ftie cine a creat-o \u015fi c\u00e2nd a fost pus\u0103 \u00een circula\u0163ie. 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![\"grane\"](\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/02\/grane.jpg\" "\\"grane\\"")
Asemenea oric\u0103rei legende, nici despre aceasta „Rom\u00e2nia, gr\u00e2nar al Europei” – nu se \u015ftie cine a creat-o \u015fi c\u00e2nd a fost pus\u0103 \u00een circula\u0163ie. Dar ea a tr\u0103it, tr\u0103ie\u015fte, alimentat\u0103 de viziunea mistic\u0103 a celor care cred \u00een ea sau de c\u0103tre cei interesa\u0163i, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 aib\u0103 vreun temei \u00een realitatea istoric\u0103.<\/p>\n