{"id":2630,"date":"2009-01-15T22:47:25","date_gmt":"2009-01-15T18:47:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=2630"},"modified":"2009-01-18T23:01:22","modified_gmt":"2009-01-18T19:01:22","slug":"a-existat-papesa-ioana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/a-existat-papesa-ioana\/","title":{"rendered":"A existat papesa Ioana?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"papesa-ioana\"Istoria ne prezint\u0103 adeseori, prin cronicile sale, relat\u0103ri, fapte \u015fi \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103ri greu de verificat, pe care suntem nevoi\u0163i s\u0103 le prelu\u0103m ca atare. Un exemplu clasic, este Papesa Ioana. Pe scurt, despre ce este vorba? O femeie deghizat\u0103 \u00een haine b\u0103rb\u0103te\u015fti ar fi ajuns pe scaunul pontifical \u00een anul 855 \u015fi ar fi domnit la Vatican, vreme de aproape doi ani. \u00cen zilele noastre, exist\u0103 unii cercet\u0103tori care accept\u0103 aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103, ca pe un fapt istoric real. Majoritatea istoricilor, \u00eens\u0103, este de acord, c\u0103 pretinsa poveste a \u201epapesei Ioana” este o simpl\u0103 fabula\u0163ie. \u00cen ciuda tuturor acestor controverse, legenda dureaz\u0103.<\/p>\n

Care e legenda papesei Ioana?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Legenda papesei a ap\u0103rut c\u0103tre mijlocul secolului al XHI-lea, fiind consemnat\u0103 pentru prima oar\u0103, \u00een cronica redactat\u0103 de c\u0103lug\u0103rul dominican Metz. Din ordinul Papei Sixtus IV, Bartolomeo Sacchi, bibliotecar al Vaticanului, a publicat \u00een 1479, o Istorie a vie\u0163ii papilor<\/strong><\/em>. \u00cen aceast\u0103 carte e cuprins\u0103 \u015fi via\u0163a lui Ioan al VIII-lea, urma\u015ful lui Adrian al III-lea. Acest pretins pap\u0103 era o femeie de origine englez\u0103. Deosebit de \u00eenzestrat\u0103, ea a f\u0103cut studii aprofundate, a acumulat virtu\u0163ile necesare pentru a fi primit\u0103 la Roma. A urcat pe scara ierarhiei pontificale p\u00e2n\u0103 la gradul de cardinal, iar apoi a fost aleas\u0103 pap\u0103 sub numele de loan al VlII-lea. Aceast\u0103 femeie, ce se \u00eembr\u0103ca \u00een haine monahale b\u0103rb\u0103te\u015fti, excela prin cuno\u015ftin\u0163ele teologice \u015fi prin darul elocin\u0163ei, reu\u015find s\u0103 se fac\u0103 cunoscut\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 se impun\u0103. Dup\u0103 unii autori, se spune c\u0103 ar fi ocupat scaunul pontifical timp de treisprezece luni, iar dup\u0103 Bartolomeo Sacchi, timp de doi ani, o lun\u0103 \u015fi patru zile. Cu pu\u0163in timp \u00eenainte de a se \u00eemplini termenul, pontificatul ei s-a terminat printr-un scandal. Av\u00e2nd rela\u0163ii cu un c\u0103lug\u0103r benedictin de care era \u00eendr\u0103gostit\u0103, a r\u0103mas \u00eens\u0103rcinat\u0103. Cu mult\u0103 abilitate, \u015fi-a ascuns un timp sarcina sub sutan\u0103, dar cu prilejul unei ceremonii pe timpul verii, de la catedrala Sf. Petru din Roma spre biserica Sf. Ioan din Laterano, i s-a f\u0103cut r\u0103u \u015fi s-a declan\u015fat o na\u015ftere prematur\u0103, chiar \u00een timpul procesiunii, \u00een prezen\u0163a mul\u0163imii adunate. Din acest moment, p\u0103rerile sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163ite: dup\u0103 unii autori, papesa ar fi murit \u00een timpul na\u015fterii, iar dup\u0103 al\u0163ii, ea ar fi supravie\u0163uit, fiind aruncat\u0103 – din ordinul mai-marilor de la Vatican – \u00eentr-o obscur\u0103 \u00eenchisoare.<\/p>\n

Argumente pentru existen\u0163a papesei<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Existen\u0163a scaunelor cu gaur\u0103. <\/strong>Cei care sus\u0163in aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi sprijin\u0103 afirma\u0163iile pe ceremonialul care precede alegerea noului pap\u0103 \u015fi care, printre altele, vizeaz\u0103 \u015fi stabilirea de c\u0103tre cei de fa\u0163\u0103 a sexului papei! Este mai mult ca sigur o simpl\u0103 tradi\u0163ie \u015fi un ceremonial, \u015ftiut fiind c\u0103 toate religiile exceleaz\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 direc\u0163ie cu scopul de a impresiona pe credincio\u015fi. Se spune c\u0103 de atunci s-a statuat verificarea virilit\u0103\u0163ii fiec\u0103rui viitor pap\u0103: un vicar era \u00eens\u0103rcinat ca, dup\u0103 alegerea papei, s\u0103 bage m\u00e2na sub scaunul pontifical, care are o gaur\u0103, pe care este a\u015fezat noul pap\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 anun\u0163e cu glas tare: \u201eHabet duos testiculos et bene pedentes”, <\/em>adic\u0103 „Are dou\u0103 testicole \u015fi sunt bine prinse”.<\/em>
\nDe fapt, dac\u0103 nici un text oficial nu consemneaz\u0103 \u00een detaliu derularea ceremoniei \u00eencoron\u0103rii papale, este sigur c\u0103, timp de mai multe secole, ceremonialul cerea ca noul pap\u0103 s\u0103 fie a\u015fezat pe un scaun g\u0103urit, av\u00e2nd pantalonii tra\u015fi. Existen\u0163a acestor \u201escaune cu gaur\u0103”, care au disp\u0103rut din obiceiurile ceremoniei, din secolul al XVI-lea, dar care sunt expuse ca piese de muzeu -unul la Paris, la Luvru, \u015fi altul chiar la Vatican – dau o not\u0103 de incertitudine asupra semnifica\u0163iei lor.<\/p>\n

2) Diferite povestiri despre existen\u0163a papesei Ioana.<\/strong> Istoricii au brodat multe povestiri \u00een jurul Papesei Ioana. Diver\u015fi autori din secolele al XI-lea, XII-lea \u015fi al XVI-lea admit existen\u0163a ei. Secretari papali, ca Teodoric de Niem, inchizitori, ca Bemard Guy, aduc acelea\u015fi m\u0103rturii. Sixtus V a aruncat \u00een Tibru o statuie a Ioanei \u015fi a fiicei sale. \u00cen secolul al XV-lea, bazilica din Sienna cuprindea busturile tuturor papilor. Bustul Ioanei purta inscrip\u0163ia: \u201eIoana a VIII-a, femeie”. Cronicarul Mabillon pretinde c\u0103 l-ar fi v\u0103zut mai \u00eenainte de a fi fost \u00eenl\u0103turat de Papa Clement al VlII-lea.<\/p>\n

Argumente \u00eempotriva existen\u0163ei papesei Ioana<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

1) \u00cent\u00e2rzierea cu care s-au \u00eenceput relat\u0103rile despre papesa Ioana. <\/strong>Scriitorii catolici moderni neag\u0103 realitatea Papesei Ioana. Este greu de conceput \u00een zilele noastre c\u0103 s-ar fi putut \u00eent\u00e2mpla a\u015fa ceva!\u00a0 S\u0103 depan\u0103m \u00eens\u0103 firul evenimentelor.\u00a0 C\u00e2nd\u00a0 au\u00a0 \u00eenceput relat\u0103rile despre Papesa Ioana? Abia dup\u0103 mai bine de dou\u0103 secole de la pretinsa \u00eent\u00e2mplare. De ce contemporanii evenimentului nu ne-au l\u0103sat nimic scris? Pare de necrezut s\u0103 nu i se g\u0103seasc\u0103 nicio urm\u0103 \u00een analele istorice contemporane \u015fi abia la un mare interval de timp s\u0103 se vorbeasc\u0103 brusc pe aceast\u0103 tem\u0103. Mai mult, dac\u0103 a existat \u00eentr-adev\u0103r Papesa Ioana, cum se face c\u0103 nu i-a r\u0103mas de la aceasta nicio bul\u0103 papal\u0103?<\/p>\n

2) Ordinea cronologic\u0103 a succesiunii papilor. <\/strong>Argumentul cel mai puternic, ce vine s\u0103 contrazic\u0103 legenda papesei Ioana, ar fi ordinea cronologic\u0103 a succesiunii papilor. Dar, examin\u00e2nd inscrip\u0163ia plasat\u0103 la intrarea \u00een catedrala Sf. Petru, seria papilor, a evenimentelor \u015fi a faptelor nu-i las\u0103 niciun loc. Pretinsul pontificat al Papesei Ioana ar trebui s\u0103 fi avut loc \u00eentre Leon al IV-lea (847-855) \u015fi Benedict al III-lea (855-858), dar s-a stabilit cu certitudine, pe baza documentelor istorice ce nu pot fi negate, c\u0103 vacan\u0163a \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 pontificate nu a durat dec\u00e2t c\u00e2teva s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni.<\/p>\n

Posibila explica\u0163ie a legendei<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u015ei totu\u015fi, \u00een spatele acestei legende, autorii anonimi au vrut s\u0103 transmit\u0103 posterit\u0103\u0163ii un mesaj care a fost \u00eens\u0103 denaturat. Aceast\u0103 povestire neobi\u015fnuit\u0103 reflect\u0103 de fapt via\u0163a lui Ioan al VIII-lea, cunoscut de contemporanii s\u0103i ca \u201ePapa cu multe amante”. Una dintre acestea, cu numele de Ioana, avea o at\u00e2t de mare autoritate asupra b\u0103tr\u00e2nului pontif iubitor de aventuri, \u00eenc\u00e2t ea conducea de fapt treburile Vaticanului. De aici i s-a tras \u015fi porecla de \u201ePapesa”, cuv\u00e2nt care a generat o adev\u0103rat\u0103 legend\u0103, pl\u0103smuit\u0103 de imagina\u0163ia oamenilor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Istoria ne prezint\u0103 adeseori, prin cronicile sale, relat\u0103ri, fapte \u015fi \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103ri greu de verificat, pe care suntem nevoi\u0163i s\u0103 le prelu\u0103m ca atare. Un exemplu clasic, este Papesa Ioana. Pe scurt, despre ce este vorba? O femeie deghizat\u0103 \u00een haine … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2631,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[9795,97,918],"class_list":["post-2630","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-istorie","tag-papa","tag-papesa","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nA existat papesa Ioana? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/a-existat-papesa-ioana\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A existat papesa Ioana?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Istoria ne prezint\u0103 adeseori, prin cronicile sale, relat\u0103ri, fapte \u015fi \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103ri greu de verificat, pe care suntem nevoi\u0163i s\u0103 le prelu\u0103m ca atare. 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Un exemplu clasic, este Papesa Ioana. Pe scurt, despre ce este vorba? O femeie deghizat\u0103 \u00een haine ... 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