{"id":23293,"date":"2012-04-29T13:52:18","date_gmt":"2012-04-29T11:52:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=23293"},"modified":"2012-05-12T16:58:29","modified_gmt":"2012-05-12T14:58:29","slug":"experientele-din-apropierea-mortii-nde-pot-fi-explicate-doar-prin-prezenta-spiritului-deasupra-materiei","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/experientele-din-apropierea-mortii-nde-pot-fi-explicate-doar-prin-prezenta-spiritului-deasupra-materiei\/","title":{"rendered":"Experien\u0163ele din apropierea mor\u0163ii (NDE) pot fi explicate doar prin prezen\u0163a spiritului deasupra materiei"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Experien\u0163ele din apropierea mor\u0163ii (Near Death Experiences, \u00een limba englez\u0103, a\u015fa c\u0103 am s\u0103 folosesc \u00een acest articol prescurtarea consacrat\u0103 peste tot \u00een lume – NDE) sunt experien\u0163e realistice, profunde \u015fi care pot schimba radical via\u0163\u0103 al oamenilor care au fost fiziologic sau psihologic \u00een apropierea mor\u0163ii. Ele apar \u00een timpul unui stop cardiac sau al unei come, din cauza deterior\u0103rii func\u0163iilor neurologice, a intoxic\u0103rilor sau a asfixiei. Aceste experien\u0163e pot ap\u0103rea, de asemenea, \u015fi ca urmare a altor evenimente, ca electrocut\u0103ri, complica\u0163ii ale opera\u0163iilor sau pierderi masive de s\u00e2nge. Totodat\u0103, ele se mai ivesc \u015fi \u00een cazul accidentelor grave sau a bolilor, \u00een care indivizii le e fric\u0103 c\u0103 s-ar putea s\u0103 moar\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103rile efectuate \u00een SUA \u015fi Germania au ar\u0103tat c\u0103 4,2% din popula\u0163ie au raportat c\u0103 au avut parte de NDE, estim\u00e2ndu-se c\u0103 mai mult de 25 de milioane de indivizi s-au confruntat cu asemenea experien\u0163e \u00een ultimii 50 de ani. Totodat\u0103, aceste studii au ar\u0103tat c\u0103 NDE nu sunt influen\u0163ate de religie, ras\u0103, statutul economic sau de nivelul de educa\u0163ie. Asta \u00een ciuda unor opinii conform c\u0103rora experien\u0163ele din apropierea mor\u0163ii ar fi experien\u0163e religioase…dar ele nu sunt altceva dec\u00e2t percep\u0163ii individuale. C\u0103ci, de NDE au avut parte \u015fi oameni care nu cred \u00een religie (agnosticii sau ateii).<\/p>\n

Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een timpul NDE?<\/strong><\/p>\n

De\u015fi detaliile difer\u0103, NDE sunt caracterizate printr-o serie de caracteristici principale. Cea mai des \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103 senza\u0163ie al celor ce au experimentat apropierea mor\u0163ii este senza\u0163ia p\u0103r\u0103sirii trupului \u015fi privirea de sus, de la o anumit\u0103 distan\u0163\u0103, a propriului corp fizic. Chiar \u015fi a\u015fa, con\u015ftiin\u0163a, percep\u0163iile, memoriile, emo\u0163iile sunt nealterate, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 ele nu apar\u0163in cu adev\u0103rat de creier. \u00cen plus, sim\u0163urile devin mult superioare: auzul este mult mai clar, iar v\u0103zul se extinde p\u00e2n\u0103 la 360 de grade. De asemenea, f\u0103r\u0103 trupuri fizice, oamenii cu NDE simt c\u0103 pot trece prin pere\u0163i \u015fi u\u015fi, c\u0103 sunt liberi s\u0103 fac\u0103 ceea ce vor \u015fi c\u0103 pot citi g\u00e2ndurile oamenilor.<\/p>\n

\u00cen timpul stopului cardiac, s\u00e2ngele nu mai circul\u0103 prin creier. C\u00e2nd se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 acest lucru, activitatea electric\u0103 a creierului (m\u0103surat\u0103 cu ajutorul EKG-ului) dispare dup\u0103 10-20 de secunde. \u00cen aceast\u0103 stare, pacientul se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o com\u0103 profund\u0103. \u00centruc\u00e2t func\u0163iile creierului sunt distruse grav, pacien\u0163ii afla\u0163i \u00een asemenea stare se a\u015fteapt\u0103 s\u0103 nu aib\u0103 experien\u0163e mentale lucide \u015fi clare, de care s\u0103-\u015fi poat\u0103 aminti. \u015ei totu\u015fi, studiile efectuate \u00een cazul supravie\u0163uitorilor stopului cardiac au ar\u0103tat c\u0103 ace\u015ftia \u00ee\u015fi amintesc multe lucruri din perioada \u00een care se aflau \u00een moarte clinic\u0103. Aceste studii arat\u0103 c\u0103 percep\u0163iile, con\u015ftiin\u0163a, g\u00e2ndurile \u015fi sentimentele pot fi experimentate \u00een cazul \u00een care creierul nu arat\u0103 vreo activitate m\u0103surabil\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cum de persoanele oarbe pot s\u0103 vad\u0103 \u00een timpul NDE?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1994, cercet\u0103torii Kenneth Ring \u015fi Sharon Cooper au decis s\u0103 \u00eentreprind\u0103 un studiu pentru cazurile de NDE al persoanelor oarbe. Astfel, s-ar putea demonstra veridicitatea percep\u0163iilor din timpul NDE. Dac\u0103 un orb e capabil s\u0103 ofere detalii ce le-a perceput \u00een timpul \u00een care era mort clinic, aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 experien\u0163ele din apropierea mor\u0163ii sunt reale. Cercet\u0103torii au intervievat 31 de indivizi afla\u0163i \u00een moarte clinic\u0103, din care 14 erau orbi din na\u015ftere. Din ace\u015fti 31, 10 au avut senza\u0163ia p\u0103r\u0103sirii trupului fizic \u015fi au putut oferi detalii vizuale, pe care nu le-ar fi \u015ftiut, ei fiind orbi! Rezultatele studiului au fost publicate \u00een anul 1997, iar cei doi cercet\u0103tori au concluzionat c\u0103 ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een timpul NDE ofer\u0103 o perspectiv\u0103 de percepere a realit\u0103\u0163ii ce nu depinde de sim\u0163urile trupului fizic.<\/p>\n

Nu, NDE nu sunt produse de stimularea unor anumite zone din creier!<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen ciuda acestor dovezi, mul\u0163i oameni de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 materiali\u015fti se aga\u0163\u0103 de ideea c\u0103 experien\u0163ele din apropierea mor\u0163ii \u00ee\u015fi au originea tot \u00een…creier! \u00cen 2002, neurologul Olaf Blanke \u015fi colegii s\u0103i de la Spitalele Universitare din Geneva \u015fi Lausanne (Elve\u0163ia), au descris \u00een prestigioasa revist\u0103 \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 „Nature”<\/em> cazul unui pacient de 43 de ani, o femeie cu epilepsie. Deoarece crizele ei nu puteau fi controlate cu ajutorul medicamentelor, neurochirurgii au considerat c\u0103 este necesar s\u0103 se treac\u0103 la urm\u0103toarea etap\u0103. Astfel, cercet\u0103torii i-au implantat femeii electrozi \u00een lobul temporal drept, pentru a le furniza informa\u0163ii despre localizarea zonei epileptogene a creierului, care trebuia \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103 chirurgical. Al\u0163i electrozi au fost implanta\u0163i pentru a identifica \u015fi a localiza, prin mijloace de stimulare electric\u0103, zonele creierului care, dac\u0103 ar fi fost \u00eendep\u0103rtate, ar fi dus la pierderea capacit\u0103\u0163ilor senzoriale, lingvistice sau chiar la paralizie. O astfel de procedur\u0103 este deosebit de important\u0103 pentru a cru\u0163a zone importante ale creierului care sunt adiacente zonei epileptogene.<\/p>\n

Atunci c\u00e2nd au stimulat gyrusul angular (o regiune a creierului din lobul parietal, care se crede c\u0103 integreaz\u0103 informa\u0163iile senzoriale legate de v\u0103z, sim\u0163 tactil \u015fi echilibru, oferindu-ne astfel percep\u0163ia asupra propriului nostru corp), pacientul a raportat c\u0103 a sim\u0163it c\u0103 se desprinde de trup, plutind spre tavan, \u015fi \u00ee\u015fi putea vedea doar o parte din trup (picioarele \u015fi trunchiul inferior).<\/p>\n

Editorii de la „Nature”<\/em> au mers mai departe, \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 declare triumf\u0103tor c\u0103, \u00een urma acestii unui studiu, s-a putut localiza centrul din creier responsabil pentru NDE \u015fi pentru senza\u0163ia de plutire a trupului fizic. „Este o alt\u0103 lovitur\u0103 \u00eempotriva celor care cred c\u0103 mintea \u015fi spiritul sunt oarecum separat de creier”<\/em>, a declarat psihologul Michael Shermer care \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 demonteze toate tipurile de evenimente paranormale. „\u00cen realitate, toat\u0103 experien\u0163a este derivat\u0103 din creier”<\/em>, a mai spus el. Concluzie c\u00e2t se poate de idioat\u0103! Dac\u0103 unui pacient i s-a reu\u015fit s\u0103 i se stimuleze din creier senza\u0163ia de plutire a trupului fizic, aceasta nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 tuturor li se poate \u00eent\u00e2mpla acest lucru. Cea mai grav\u0103 gre\u015feal\u0103 e generalizarea rezultatelor unui studiu individual; un studiu serios trebuie realizat pe mii \u015fi zeci de mii de cazuri. A\u015fa cum spunea \u015fi psihiatrul Bruce Greyson de la Universitatea din Virginia: \u201cNu putem presupune c\u0103 dac\u0103 prin stimularea electric\u0103 a creierului putem induce iluzii de p\u0103r\u0103sire a trupului fizic, atunci toate aceste senza\u0163ii de p\u0103r\u0103sire ar fi false.”<\/em> \u00cen plus, cum dracu mai explic\u0103 cercet\u0103torii senza\u0163iile vizuale ale orbilor din na\u015ftere afla\u0163i \u00een NDE!?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>NDE se datoreaz\u0103 lipsei de oxigen? Fals!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 materiali\u015fti au propus o serie de explica\u0163ii fiziologice ale diferitelor senza\u0163ii percepute \u00een timpul NDE. Psihologul britanic Susan Blackmore a fost propus\u0103 ipoteza „mor\u0163ii cerebrale”: datorit\u0103 lipsei de oxigen din timpul mor\u0163ii (anoxie), neuronii din creier responsabili pentru pentru sim\u0163ul v\u0103zului „ard” \u015fi, astfel, se creeaz\u0103 iluzia unei lumini str\u0103lucitoare (la \u00eenceput), pentru c\u0103 la final s\u0103 apar\u0103 senza\u0163ia de tunel \u00eentunecat.<\/p>\n

Dar, dac\u0103 anoxia joac\u0103 un rol central \u00een NDE, atunci to\u0163i pacien\u0163ii-supravie\u0163uitori ai stopurilor cardiace ar raporta NDE. Dar studiile arat\u0103 c\u0103 doar o parte din pacien\u0163i prezinte simptome de NDE. O alt\u0103 problem\u0103, e faptul c\u0103 o parte din cei care au experimentat NDE, nu au semnalat prezen\u0163a unui tunel. \u00cen plus, a\u015fa cum a subliniat renumitul cercet\u0103tor Sam Parnia, unele persoane au raportat NDE, atunci c\u00e2nd nu erau bolnave \u00een stadiul terminal \u015fi astfel ar fi avut niveluri normale de oxigen \u00een creierul lor.<\/p>\n

Totodat\u0103, mai exist\u0103 o chestiune. Atunci c\u00e2nd nivelul de oxigen scade semnificativ, pacien\u0163ii ale c\u0103ror pl\u0103m\u00e2ni sau inim\u0103 nu func\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00een mod corespunz\u0103tor experimenteaz\u0103 o „stare acut\u0103 de confuzie”, \u00een care ace\u015ftia sunt extrem de confuzi \u015fi agita\u0163i, memoria lor fiind foarte slab\u0103 sau lipsind total. \u00cen contrast, oamenii cu NDE experimenteaz\u0103 o con\u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 lucid\u0103, cu procese de g\u00e2ndire bine structurate \u015fi un ra\u0163ionament clar. Ei au, de asemenea, o memorie excelent\u0103 a NDE, care, le r\u0103m\u00e2ne pentru restul vie\u0163ii.<\/p>\n

Experien\u0163ele din apropierea mor\u0163ii nu sunt nici halucina\u0163ii…<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u015fadar, dac\u0103 anorexia nu e responsabil\u0103 pentru NDE, atunci ce sunt aceste experien\u0163e? Simple halucina\u0163ii? S\u0103 ne uit\u0103m la exemplul de halucina\u0163ii care poate rezulta din ingerarea ketaminei. La doze mici, ketamina este un agent anestezic care poate induce halucina\u0163ii \u015fi sentimentul de a plutire \u00een afara corpului. Ketamina este g\u00e2ndit pentru a ac\u0163iona \u00een primul r\u00e2nd prin inhibarea receptorilor NDMA (N-metil-D-acid aspartic), care, \u00een mod normal, sunt legate de glutamat, cel mai mare mesager chimic excitator din creierul uman. Psihiatrul Karl Jensen a speculat c\u0103 blocarea receptorilor NMDA poate induce o NDE. Dar experien\u0163ele cu ketamin\u0103 sunt adesea \u00eenfrico\u015f\u0103toare, produc\u00e2nd imagini ciudate; cei mai mul\u0163i dintre utilizatorii de ketamin\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi dau seama c\u0103 experien\u0163ele produse de acest medicament sunt iluzorii. \u00cen schimb, cei care au avut NDE sunt ferm convin\u015fi de realitatea a ceea ce au experimentat. \u00cen plus, multe dintre caracteristicile de baz\u0103 ale NDE nu sunt asociate cu ketamina.<\/p>\n

…\u015fi nici nu se aseam\u0103n\u0103 cu epilepsia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Neurologul Michael Persinger a sus\u0163inut c\u0103 el \u015fi colegii s\u0103i au reu\u015fit s\u0103 produc\u0103 toate caracteristicile majore ale NDE prin stimularea magnetic\u0103 transcranian\u0103 (TMS) din lobii temporali. Persinger se bazeaz\u0103 pe premiza c\u0103 activitatea anormal\u0103 \u00een lobul temporal poate declan\u015fa NDE. Cu toate acestea, o trecere \u00een revist\u0103 a literaturii privind epilepsia indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 tr\u0103s\u0103turile de baz\u0103 ale NDE nu sunt asociate cu crizele epileptice situate \u00een lobii temporali.<\/p>\n

Concluzii generale<\/strong><\/p>\n

Studiile \u015ftiin\u0163ifice privind NDE, efectuate de-a lungul ultimelor decenii, indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 func\u0163iile creierului pot fi experimentate independent de corp, la un moment \u00een care activitatea creierului este foarte afectat\u0103 sau aparent absent\u0103 (cum ar fi \u00een timpul stopului cardiac). Unele dintre aceste studii demonstreaz\u0103 c\u0103 oamenii orbi pot avea percep\u0163ii veridice atunci c\u00e2nd experimenteaz\u0103 deta\u015farea de propriul corp \u00een timpul NDE. Alte investiga\u0163ii arat\u0103 c\u0103 experien\u0163ele din apropierea mor\u0163ii pot duce la modific\u0103ri profunde psihologice \u015fi spirituale. Aceste constat\u0103ri contest\u0103 puternic opinia din lumea medical\u0103 conform c\u0103reia mintea \u015fi con\u015ftiin\u0163a sunt rezultatul doar al activit\u0103\u0163ii creierului. Dup\u0103 cum am v\u0103zut, o astfel de concep\u0163ie nu poate explica ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een timpul NDE.<\/p>\n

Studiile NDE sugereaz\u0103, de asemenea, c\u0103, dup\u0103 moartea fizic\u0103, mintea \u015fi con\u015ftiin\u0163a pot continua la un nivel transcendent al realit\u0103\u0163ii, care \u00een mod normal, nu este accesibil sim\u0163urilor noastre actuale. Inutil s\u0103 mai spun c\u0103 acest punct de vedere este total incompatibil cu credin\u0163a materiali\u015ftilor \u015fi atei\u015ftilor conform c\u0103rora lumea material\u0103 este singura realitate.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Experien\u0163ele din apropierea mor\u0163ii (Near Death Experiences, \u00een limba englez\u0103, a\u015fa c\u0103 am s\u0103 folosesc \u00een acest articol prescurtarea consacrat\u0103 peste tot \u00een lume – NDE) sunt experien\u0163e realistice, profunde \u015fi care pot schimba radical via\u0163\u0103 al oamenilor care au … <\/p>\n

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