{"id":22497,"date":"2012-03-02T22:42:32","date_gmt":"2012-03-02T20:42:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=22497"},"modified":"2012-03-07T13:00:41","modified_gmt":"2012-03-07T11:00:41","slug":"misterul-mortii-lui-miron-costin-cronicarul-decapitat-o-executie-dreapta-sau-un-asasinat-politic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/misterul-mortii-lui-miron-costin-cronicarul-decapitat-o-executie-dreapta-sau-un-asasinat-politic\/","title":{"rendered":"Misterul mor\u0163ii lui Miron Costin, cronicarul decapitat: o execu\u0163ie dreapt\u0103 sau un asasinat politic?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Miron Costin (1633-1691) a fost un mare cronicar moldovean, fiind totodat\u0103 unul dintre primii scriitori \u0219i istoriografi din literatura rom\u00e2n\u0103. Printre operele sale binecunoscute putem aminti: „Letopise\u0163ul \u0162\u0103rii Moldovei”, „De neamul moldovenilor” <\/em>\u015fi „Predoslovia”<\/em>. O informa\u0163ie mai pu\u0163in cunoscut\u0103 e aceea c\u0103 Miron Costin era c\u0103s\u0103torit cu una din str\u0103nepoatele marelui domnitor \u015etefan cel Mare.<\/p>\n

Cele dou\u0103 partide din Moldova sec.17<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ca \u015fi fratele s\u0103u, Velicico Costin, Miron Costin s-a implicat activ \u00een via\u0163a public\u0103 din Moldova, av\u00e2nd rangul de mare vornic (un fel de prim-ministru). Cei doi fra\u0163i nutreau o mare simpatie pentru \u0163ara vecin\u0103, Polonia, a c\u0103rei cultur\u0103 le era mai mult dec\u00e2t familiar\u0103. Ei constituiau fruntea partidei pro-polone din Moldova \u015fi sus\u0163ineau, f\u0103r\u0103 rezerve, ac\u0163iunile acestei puteri \u00een lupta dus\u0103 \u00eempotriva otomanilor, influen\u0163a\u0163i, \u00eentr-o mare m\u0103sur\u0103, de fastul \u015fi str\u0103lucirea ve\u015fmintelor panilor poloni \u015fi, mai ales, de trupele de cavalerie ce atinseser\u0103 apogeul.<\/p>\n

Partida pro-polon\u0103 se confrunta cu o alt\u0103 partid\u0103 moldovean\u0103, mult mai numeroas\u0103, ce se \u00eenfiin\u0163ase pe vremea lui \u015etefan cel Mare \u015fi promova o politic\u0103 tot antiotoman\u0103. Ea d\u0103dea dovad\u0103 de o tactic\u0103 ce \u00ee\u015fi propunea reducerea riscurilor la minimum, \u00een a\u015fteptarea momentului prielnic pentru a da lovitura de gra\u0163ie Imperiului otoman.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Constantin Cantemir, liderul partidei moldovenesti<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Partida era condus\u0103 de un vechi \u015fi priceput o\u015ftean, Constantin Cantemir. Era un om de arme v\u00e2rstnic, care servise \u00een armata polonez\u0103, pe care o cuno\u015ftea foarte bine, \u015fi \u00ee\u015fi d\u0103dea seama c\u0103 polonezii, baza\u0163i mai mult pe cavalerie, puteau c\u00e2\u015ftiga b\u0103t\u0103lii, dar nu puteau face fa\u0163\u0103 unui r\u0103zboi de durat\u0103 \u015fi de uzur\u0103 cu turcii, mult mai numero\u015fi, c\u0103li\u0163i \u00een lupte \u015fi dispun\u00e2nd de trupe diversificate \u015fi adaptate la condi\u0163ii diferite. Era evident c\u0103, prin pozi\u0163ia geografic\u0103 pe care o ocupa, Moldova se afla expus\u0103 \u015fi, \u00een cazul unui e\u015fec, cavaleria polonez\u0103 s-ar fi retras \u00een \u0163ar\u0103, iar Moldova ar fi r\u0103mas la discre\u0163ia trupelor otomane, dispuse s\u0103 o transforme, f\u0103r\u0103 nicio \u00eempotrivire, \u00eentr-un pa\u015fal\u00e2c. Iat\u0103 deci c\u0103 \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 partide se n\u0103scuser\u0103 vii conflicte, cel care avea s\u0103 decid\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 aib\u0103 ultimul cuv\u00e2nt fiind domnul \u0163\u0103rii, Constantin Cantemir, care era totodat\u0103 \u015fi \u015feful celei de a doua partide.<\/p>\n

\u00centre cele dou\u0103 partide, care, \u00een fond, urm\u0103reau deopotriv\u0103 acela\u015fi obiectiv – neat\u00e2rnarea \u015fi independen\u0163a Moldovei – s-au ivit fric\u0163iuni, care au degenerat, din motive r\u0103mase obscure p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre \u015fi cu \u015fanse minime de a mai putea fi elucidate, p\u00e2n\u0103 la suprimarea lui Miron Costin. Se pare c\u0103 s-a recurs la acest mijloc extrem, fiind \u00een joc \u00eens\u0103\u015fi existen\u0163a statului moldovean.<\/p>\n

T\u0103ierea capului lui Miron Costin<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat? \u00cen luna decembrie a anului 1691, din ordinul domnitorului Constantin Cantemir (1685-1693), v\u0103taful de p\u0103h\u0103rnicie Dumitra\u015fcu Macri i-a t\u0103iat capul boierului Miron Costin.
\nFaptul \u00een sine a fost interpretat de istorici \u00een dou\u0103 feluri:
\n1) a fost vorba de o condamnare\/execu\u0163ie;
\n2) a fost un asasinat politic.<\/p>\n

1) Ipoteza condamn\u0103rii<\/strong>, admis\u0103 de Dimitrie Cantemir \u015fi o serie de istorici, are la baz\u0103 tr\u0103darea dovedit\u0103 a lui Miron Costin fa\u0163\u0103 de domn, ca \u015fi dreptul acestuia (dup\u0103 legisla\u0163ia \u0163\u0103rii de la vremea respectiv\u0103) de a executa, f\u0103r\u0103 judecat\u0103, pe cei vinova\u0163i de \u00eenalt\u0103 tr\u0103dare. \u00cen cronica lui Ion Neculce ni se spune foarte clar c\u0103 decapitarea a avut loc la Roman, preciz\u00e2nd textual c\u0103 Macri l-ar fi ridicat cu p\u0103h\u0103rniceii \u0163inutului Roman de la mo\u015fia sa de la B\u0103rbo\u015fi, duc\u00e2ndu-l cu el la Roman. Ori, dac\u0103 era vorba de un simplu asasinat, Miron Costin ar fi fost decapitat pe loc, la mo\u015fia sa de la B\u0103rbo\u015fi. De ce s\u0103 fi apelat oare Constantin Vod\u0103 la p\u0103h\u0103rniceii din \u0163inut? Ei erau persoane oficiale. De ce s\u0103-l fi dus \u00een capitala \u0163inutului \u015fi, mai ales, de ce s\u0103-l \u201easasineze” \u00een public?<\/p>\n

Oric\u00e2t ar fi de real\u0103 aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103 \u015fi oricare ar fi fost prerogativele domnului, credem c\u0103 o judecat\u0103 c\u00e2t de sumar\u0103 s-ar fi impus, fiind vorba, mai ales, de rangul celor executa\u0163i \u015fi contribu\u0163iile aduse de ace\u015ftia \u0163\u0103rii. A\u015fadar, nu poate fi vorba de o execu\u0163ie, mai ales dac\u0103 \u0163inem seama de felul cum a fost dus\u0103 ea la \u00eendeplinire.<\/p>\n

2) Ipoteza asasinatului politic<\/strong>. A\u015fa cum spunea mai sus, \u00een cronica lui Ion Neculce, scris\u0103 \u00een 1733, la un mare interval dup\u0103 lucrarea lui Dimitrie Cantemir, datat\u0103 1716-1717, autorul relateaz\u0103 acest episod: \u201eDeci Cantemir Vod\u0103 nu \u015fi-a socotit via\u0163a lui, c\u0103 era trecut cu b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u0163ile, om de \u015faptezeci de ani, de numai c\u0103 nu-i sosise ceasul mor\u0163ii \u015fi lui, c\u0103 s-au potrivit neprietenilor \u015fi nu \u015fi-a cru\u0163at sufletul s\u0103u. Ca un tiran au trimes pe Macri v\u0103taful de p\u0103h\u0103rnicei cu slujitori din Roman, de l-au luat de acolo, de la casa lui, de la B\u0103rbo\u015fi, de l-au dus p\u00e2n\u0103 la Roman \u015fi i-au t\u0103iat capul”.<\/em><\/p>\n

La r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, Nicolae B\u0103lcescu afirm\u0103: \u201eV\u0103taful de p\u0103h\u0103rnicie Dumitra\u015fcu Macri, sosit pentru \u00eemplinirea poruncii domne\u015fti la mo\u015fia B\u0103rbo\u015fi, unde Miron Costin \u00eengrijea de ceremonialul \u00eengrop\u0103ciunii so\u0163iei, f\u0103r\u0103 a mai asculta rug\u0103ciunea lui de a-l duce la Ia\u015fi, \u00eel smulser\u0103 din bra\u0163ele familiei sale \u015fi, duc\u00e2ndu-l \u00een t\u00e2rg la Roman, \u00eel \u00eengenuchiar\u0103 \u015fi \u00eei t\u0103iar\u0103 capul”.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cen continuare, Ion Neculce \u00eel incrimineaz\u0103 pe v\u0103taful Macri: \u201eIar\u0103 dup\u0103 ce au venit Macri \u015fi viind zapciu dup\u0103 zapciu s\u0103 piar\u0103, nu l-au mai \u00eeng\u0103duit. \u015ei-au pus de l-au t\u0103iat la Roman. \u015ei mult s-au rugat lui Macri s\u0103-l duc\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la Ia\u015fi, iar\u0103 Macri, ca un om r\u0103u \u015fi de nimica, nu i-au fost mil\u0103 de sufletul st\u0103p\u00e2nu-s\u0103u. \u015ei s-au gr\u0103bit de l-au omor\u00e2t, c\u0103 de l-ar fi dus la Ia\u015fi poate s-ar fi \u00eendreptat \u015fi n-ar fi pierit”.<\/em> Probabil c\u0103 Miron Costin de\u0163inea dovezi concrete care pledau pentru nevinov\u0103\u0163ia sa, dar interese, mai presus de orice, i-au gr\u0103bit uciderea, fapt care pledeaz\u0103 \u00een favoarea unui asasinat \u015fi nu a unei execu\u0163ii.<\/p>\n

\u00cen literatur\u0103 este descris astfel momentul arest\u0103rii lui Miron Costin de la conacul s\u0103u din B\u0103rbo\u015fi: \u201eDar \u00eendat\u0103 a ajuns aici v\u0103taful de p\u0103h\u0103rnicei \u015fi, dup\u0103 d\u00e2nsul, au mai venit zapciu dup\u0103 zapciu, din sfert \u00een sfert de ceas, cer\u00e2nd s\u0103 fie ucis Miron Costin… Printre pu\u0163inele slugi ale cur\u0163ii din B\u0103rbo\u015fi, care preg\u0103teau \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntarea jup\u00e2nesei Ilina, vestea arest\u0103rii logof\u0103tului a produs mare \u00eend\u00e2rjire. S-a adunat satul \u00een jurul cur\u0163ii. \u015ei odat\u0103 cu inima oamenilor, s-a burzuluit vremea \u015fi mai cumplit ca \u00eenainte. Macri a socotit c\u0103 nu-\u015fi poate \u00eendeplini aici crunta porunc\u0103 domneasc\u0103: are prea pu\u0163ini slujitori \u015fi nu poate ghici p\u00e2n\u0103 unde poate merge \u00eendr\u0103zneala s\u0103tenilor, care au \u00eenconjurat curtea, la vestea c\u0103 au venit s\u0103-l ucid\u0103 pe logof\u0103t… L-au suit \u00een sanie \u015fi, \u00eenconjurat de slujitori, l-au pornit prin viscol, spre Roman”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Cele \u00eent\u00e2mplate au intrat \u00een legend\u0103 \u015fi b\u0103tr\u00e2nii povesteau c\u0103 faptele s-au petrecut \u00eentr-un decembrie vr\u0103jma\u015f, troienit \u015fi rece, \u00een timp ce c\u0103rturarul f\u0103cea slujba r\u00e2nduit\u0103 pentru grijirea mult iubitei sale so\u0163ii, moart\u0103 de cur\u00e2nd (Ilina, sau Ileana). Mai spuneau b\u0103tr\u00e2nii c\u0103 marelui logof\u0103t i s-a \u00eeng\u0103duit s\u0103 se spovedeasc\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 se roage \u00een l\u0103ca\u015ful Precistei din centrul ora\u015fului Roman, dup\u0103 care v\u0103taful de p\u0103h\u0103rnicei a vrut s\u0103-i taie \u00eensu\u015fi el capul cu sabia. Dar b\u0103tr\u00e2nul se ruga cu mare glas la v\u0103taf s\u0103-l mai p\u0103suiasc\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103-l duc\u0103 la Ia\u015fi, la \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015fare, spre iert\u0103ciune \u00een fa\u0163a lui Vod\u0103. Toate muierile de fa\u0163\u0103 pl\u00e2ngeau cu mare bocet; iar din cauza zarvei, Dumitra\u015fcu Macri, v\u0103taful, a pus pe c\u0103l\u0103u de i-a t\u0103iat repede \u015fi cu iscusin\u0163\u0103 capul \u015fi astfel barba, ce nu se vedea din nea, de alb\u0103, pe dat\u0103 s-a \u00eenro\u015fit \u00eempreun\u0103 cu z\u0103pada dimprejur. Dup\u0103 execu\u0163ie, c\u0103l\u0103ul \u015fi-a sp\u0103lat m\u00e2inile m\u00e2njite de s\u00e2nge la o f\u00e2nt\u00e2n\u0103 din preajm\u0103, c\u0103reia de atunci i-a r\u0103mas numele de \u00abF\u00e2nt\u00e2na G\u00e2delui\u00bb. Pe locul decapit\u0103rii, feciorii Ioni\u0163\u0103, Nicolae \u015fi P\u0103tra\u015fcu au pus lespede pentru \u00eensemnarea cumplitei \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103ri, iar corpul p\u0103rintelui lor l-au dus \u00een tain\u0103 la Br\u0103ni\u015fteni, aproape de Roman. Mai spuneau b\u0103tr\u00e2nii c\u0103 de fa\u0163\u0103 la cele \u00eent\u00e2mplate s-ar fi aflat \u015fi beizadeaua Dimitrie Cantemir, viitorul domn.<\/p>\n

\u00cen concluzie, consider\u0103m c\u0103 avem de a face cu un asasinat din ra\u0163iuni politice, victime fiind cei doi fra\u0163i, Velicico \u015fi Miron Costin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Miron Costin (1633-1691) a fost un mare cronicar moldovean, fiind totodat\u0103 unul dintre primii scriitori \u0219i istoriografi din literatura rom\u00e2n\u0103. Printre operele sale binecunoscute putem aminti: „Letopise\u0163ul \u0162\u0103rii Moldovei”, „De neamul moldovenilor” \u015fi „Predoslovia”. O informa\u0163ie mai pu\u0163in cunoscut\u0103 e … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":22498,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[5060,112,2435,1428,329,549,1532,5059,377,820,583,432,544,1396],"class_list":["post-22497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-constantin-cantemir","tag-decapitare","tag-dimitrie-cantemir","tag-domnitor","tag-iasi","tag-imperiul-otoman","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-miron-costin","tag-moldova","tag-neculce","tag-polonia","tag-roman","tag-stefan-cel-mare","tag-vornic","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nMisterul mor\u0163ii lui Miron Costin, cronicarul decapitat: o execu\u0163ie dreapt\u0103 sau un asasinat politic? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/misterul-mortii-lui-miron-costin-cronicarul-decapitat-o-executie-dreapta-sau-un-asasinat-politic\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Misterul mor\u0163ii lui Miron Costin, cronicarul decapitat: o execu\u0163ie dreapt\u0103 sau un asasinat politic?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Miron Costin (1633-1691) a fost un mare cronicar moldovean, fiind totodat\u0103 unul dintre primii scriitori \u0219i istoriografi din literatura rom\u00e2n\u0103. 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