{"id":2232,"date":"2008-12-28T10:19:56","date_gmt":"2008-12-28T06:19:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=2232"},"modified":"2020-02-14T23:44:26","modified_gmt":"2020-02-14T21:44:26","slug":"istoria-palpitanta-a-muzeului-figurilor-de-ceara-muzeul-madame-tussaud","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/istoria-palpitanta-a-muzeului-figurilor-de-ceara-muzeul-madame-tussaud\/","title":{"rendered":"Istoria palpitant\u0103 a Muzeului figurilor de cear\u0103 (Muzeul Madame Tussaud)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Muzeul figurilor de cear\u0103, cunoscut \u015fi sub numele de „Muzeul Madame Tussaud”, are o istorie deosebit de palpitant\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cine a fost Madame Tussaud?<\/strong><\/em>
\nDoamna Tussaud, realizatoarea muzeului, pe numele de fat\u0103 Marie Grosholtz, s-a n\u0103scut \u00een anul 1761, la Strasbourg, \u00een Fran\u0163a. Tat\u0103l s\u0103u a fost soldat german, era originar din Frankfurt \u015fi a murit \u00eenainte ca ea s\u0103 se nasc\u0103. R\u0103mas\u0103 v\u0103duv\u0103, mama ei s-a stabilit la Berna, \u00een Elve\u0163ia, la unchiul ei, Philippe Curtius, medic de origine german\u0103 \u015fi un mare modelist \u00een cear\u0103, a c\u0103rui guvernant\u0103 a devenit. C\u00e2nd Curtius s-a mutat la Paris, Marie, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu mama ei, a venit \u00een capitala Fran\u0163ei pentru a-l c\u0103uta pe medicul modelist, care devenise foarte cunoscut printre parizieni. \u00cenc\u0103 de la o v\u00e2rst\u0103 fraged\u0103, Marie a devenit eleva lui Curtius, care i-a sesizat talentul deosebit de modelator \u00een cear\u0103. El a \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at-o arta sculpt\u0103rii \u015fi a model\u0103rilor figurilor de cear\u0103, antren\u00e2nd-o \u00een realizarea diferitelor figuri apar\u0163in\u00e2nd unor personalit\u0103\u0163i istorice.<\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 1770, doctorul Curtius a deschis la Paris o expozi\u0163ie cu personaje din cear\u0103, realizate \u00een m\u0103rime natural\u0103, devenit\u0103 repede foarte popular\u0103, fiind vizitat\u0103 de numero\u015fi francezi \u015fi chiar de oameni de la Curtea regal\u0103. Datorit\u0103 calit\u0103\u0163ilor sale deosebite, \u00een 1772, Marie Grosholtz a fost numit\u0103 profesoar\u0103 de desen pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 sora lui Ludovic al XVI-lea, tr\u0103ind, astfel, nou\u0103 ani la Palatul Versailles. \u00cen 1789, c\u00e2nd a izbucnit Revolu\u0163ia francez\u0103, Marie s-a \u00eentors \u00een casa doctorului Curtius, unde \u00een urm\u0103 cu 12 ani, la v\u00e2rsta de numai 17 ani, realizase \u00een cear\u0103 figura lui Voltaire, cunoscutul scriitor \u015fI filosof francez, lucrare care poate fi admirat\u0103 \u015fi ast\u0103zi \u00een muzeu. \u00cen urma Revolu\u0163iei franceze, Marie a realizat mai multe m\u0103\u015fti mortuare dup\u0103 capetele ghilotinate, printre ele num\u0103r\u00e2ndu-se \u015fi cele ale lui Ludovic al XVI-lea \u015fi Mariei Antoaneta, care pot fi v\u0103zute \u015fi ast\u0103zi \u00een Camera Ororilor, amintind de regimul terorii din timpul Revolu\u0163iei franceze. Printre ele se afl\u0103 \u015fi masca mortuar\u0103 a lui Jean Paul Marat, conduc\u0103torul iacobinilor, realizat\u0103 de Marie imediat dup\u0103 asasinarea acestuia de c\u0103tre Charlotte Corday, \u00een timp ce-\u015fi f\u0103cea baie, pentru a-\u015fi calma irita\u0163ia nepl\u0103cut\u0103 produs\u0103 de o boal\u0103 de piele.<\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 1794, doctorul Curtius a murit la re\u015fedin\u0163a sa de la \u0163ar\u0103, l\u0103s\u00e2nd drept unic\u0103 mo\u015ftenitoare, care s\u0103 continue organizarea \u015fi conducerea expozi\u0163iei, pe Marie, care, \u00een anul urm\u0103tor s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit cu inginerul Francois Tussaud, cu care a avut trei copii: o fat\u0103, care a murit, \u015fi doi b\u0103ie\u0163i, pe Joseph \u015fi Francis. Datorit\u0103 perioadei tulburi din Fran\u0163a, ca urmare a r\u0103zboaielor napoleoniene, num\u0103rul vizitatorilor a sc\u0103zut drastic, fapt care a determinat-o pe Madame Tussaud s\u0103-\u015fi p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 so\u0163ul \u015fi s\u0103 plece din Paris, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu fiul cel mare, stabilindu-se la Londra. La plecare a luat cu ea \u015fi 30 de figuri de cear\u0103, cu care, timp de 33 de ani, a colindat ora\u015fele Marii Britanii, prezent\u00e2ndu-le peste tot, unde avea posibilitatea: \u00een prim\u0103rii, \u00een s\u0103li de recep\u0163ie, \u00een teatre etc., av\u00e2nd \u00een permanen\u0163\u0103 grij\u0103 s\u0103-\u015fi completeze expozi\u0163ia cu noi figuri \u015fi s\u0103-\u015fi fac\u0103 reclam\u0103 prin pres\u0103, anun\u0163\u00e2nd de fiecare dat\u0103 schimb\u0103rile survenite.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1835, la v\u00e2rsta de 74 de ani, obosit\u0103 de at\u00e2tea c\u0103l\u0103torii, Madame Tussaud s-a decis s\u0103 deschid\u0103 o expozi\u0163ie permanent\u0103 la Londra, la „The Bazar”, o cl\u0103dire situat\u0103 pe Baker Street – „domiciliul” faimosului detectiv Sherlock Holmes. Expozi\u0163ia, renumit\u0103 prin originalitatea sa, a r\u0103mas cunoscut\u0103 \u00een istorie sub numele de „Muzeul figurilor de cear\u0103” sau „Muzeul Madame Tussaud”. Ultima lucrare creat\u0103 de Madame Tussaud a fost un autoportret, realizat la v\u00e2rsta de 81 de ani, \u00eenainte cu 8 ani de a muri, exponat ce-\u015fi \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103 \u015fi ast\u0103zi pe vizitatori, la intrarea \u00een expozi\u0163ie. Madame Tussaud a murit la 15 aprilie 1850, la venerabila v\u00e2rst\u0103 de 89 de ani, colec\u0163ia sa de figuri de cear\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd mo\u015ftenirea celor doi fii, Joseph \u015fi Francis.<\/p>\n

Figurile de cear\u0103 dup\u0103 moartea lui Madame Tussaud<\/em><\/strong>
\nC\u00e2nd Joseph a murit, fiul lui Francis, Joseph Randall Tussaud, a devenit singurul proprietar al expozi\u0163iei, iar din 1884, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu cei doi fra\u0163i ai s\u0103i, a mutat „Muzeul figurilor de cear\u0103” \u00eentr-un local nou, situat \u00een Marylebone Road, \u00een apropierea unui sta\u0163ii de metrou, \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 foarte aglomerat\u0103, ceea ce a dus la cre\u015fterea num\u0103rului de vizitatori. Aceasta \u015fi datorit\u0103 faptului c\u0103 noua cl\u0103dire atr\u0103gea \u015fi prin decorurile generoase ale oglinzilor ornamentale, ale tavanurilor pictate \u015fi a pardoselilor din marmur\u0103.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd, din cauza st\u0103rii de s\u0103n\u0103tate, Joseph Randall nu a mai putut s\u0103 conduc\u0103 afacerea, i-a cedat conducerea muzeului fiului s\u0103u mai mare, John Theodore, care devine, din 1889, artist principal \u015fi director al muzeului. Fratele lui John Theodore, Louis, a \u00eencercat s\u0103 deschid\u0103 un nou muzeu cu figurine de cear\u0103, dar ini\u0163iativa a e\u015fuat, \u00een schimb ac\u0163iunea sa a f\u0103cut ca numele de Tussaud s\u0103 se atribuie \u015fi altor expozi\u0163ii de acest fel, astfel c\u0103 \u00een prezent exist\u0103 dou\u0103 muzee importante cu acest profil \u015fi cu acest nume, unul \u00een Londra \u015fi altul \u00een Amsterdam.<\/p>\n

\u00cen noaptea de 18 martie 1925, la instala\u0163ia electric\u0103 a muzeului s-a produs un scurtcircuit, ce a dat na\u015ftere unui incendiu care a distrus aproape \u00een totalitate expozi\u0163ia, r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd \u00eentregi doar zidurile exterioare \u015fi magazia de matri\u0163e de la subsol. Muzeul Tussaud s-a redeschis abia dup\u0103 trei ani, complet ref\u0103cut, ad\u0103postind \u00een aceea\u015fi cl\u0103dire \u015fi o sal\u0103 de cinema de 1.700 de locuri \u015fi un luxos restaurant, iar expozi\u0163ia oferea vizitatorilor noi figurine realizate dup\u0103 matri\u0163ele r\u0103mase nedistruse de incendiu. Succesul a fost r\u0103sun\u0103tor, \u00een prima zi de deschidere expozi\u0163ia fiind vizitat\u0103 de 24.000 de persoane.<\/p>\n

Odat\u0103 cu declan\u015farea celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial, o parte din matri\u0163e \u015fi din exponate au fost puse la ad\u0103post, undeva \u00een afara Londrei, expozi\u0163ia fiind \u00e2n continuare deschis\u0103, de\u015fi num\u0103rul de vizitatori s-a redus drastic. M\u0103surile de precau\u0163ie luate s-au dovedit bune, pentru c\u0103, \u00een 1940, cl\u0103direa a fost bombardat\u0103 \u015fi restaurantul \u015fi cinematograful distruse. Activitatea muzeului a continuat \u015fi dup\u0103 ce, \u00een 1967, s-a stins din via\u0163\u0103 str\u0103-str\u0103nopotul doamnei Tussaud, Bernard Tussaud, \u015fi nimeni din membrii familiei nu a mai vrut s\u0103 se ocupe de aceast\u0103 afacere. Expozi\u0163ia a fost \u015fi continu\u0103 s\u0103 fie re\u00eennoit\u0103 sistematic, ad\u0103ug\u00e2ndu-se exponate noi, \u00een func\u0163ie de evolu\u0163ia celebrit\u0103\u0163ilor \u015fi de interesul pe care acestea \u00eel st\u00e2rnesc la un anumit moment \u00een r\u00e2ndul publicului, iar din c\u00e2nd \u00een c\u00e2nd, anumite exponante sunt retrase \u015fi capetele de cear\u0103 sunt depuse \u00een rezerva fabricii de h\u00e2rtie de l\u00e2ng\u0103 grotele Wookey Hole Caves, \u00een Somerset. Aceast\u0103 achizi\u0163ie a fost realizat\u0103 \u00een 1973 \u015fi a f\u0103cut parte dintr-un program de extindere a posibilit\u0103\u0163ilor muzeului, \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 fiind cump\u0103rate \u015fi Castelul Warwick, considerat cel mai frumos monument arhitectonic medieval din Anglia, Chessington Zoo, The London Planerarium etc. Toate aceste achizi\u0163ii, care sunt deschise publicului, au fost realizate pentru a contracara concuren\u0163a f\u0103cut\u0103 de cel de-al doilea Muzeu al figurilor de cear\u0103, deschis \u00een 1970, la Amsterdam.<\/p>\n

Personalit\u0103\u0163ile din muzeu<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Muzeul are mai multe s\u0103li, fiecare av\u00e2nd o anumit\u0103 tematic\u0103 sau prezent\u00e2nd o anumit\u0103 perioad\u0103 istoric\u0103. \u00cen sala tablourilor sunt reprezentate mari personalit\u0103\u0163i asociate direct cu evenimentele istorice cele mai importante care le-au marcat via\u0163a. Aceast\u0103 sal\u0103 a fost amenajat\u0103 \u00een 1979 \u015fi \u00een ea \u00eent\u00e2lnim, printre altele, pe regina Victoria a Marii Britanii, la v\u00e2rsta de 17 ani, \u00een momentul c\u00e2nd a aflat c\u0103 va urca pe tronul Angliei, pe regina Sco\u0163iei, Maria I Stuart, \u00een momentul c\u00e2nd se preg\u0103tea s\u0103 fie decapitat\u0103, acuzat\u0103 fiind de complot \u00eempotriva reginei Elisabeta etc.<\/p>\n

O scen\u0103 ce atrage privirea vizitatorului este cea a „Frumoasei din p\u0103durea adormit\u0103”, a c\u0103rei figur\u0103 se aseam\u0103n\u0103 cu tr\u0103s\u0103turile doamnei du Barry, ultima iubit\u0103 a regelui Fran\u0163ei, Ludovic al XV-lea. Realizat\u0103 \u00een 1765, aceasta este cea mai veche figurin\u0103 de cear\u0103 a muzeului. Un mecanism de ceas, acum electric, ascuns sub corsajul rochiei, produce respira\u0163ia Frumoasei din p\u0103durea adormit\u0103, \u00eenc\u0103 din 1837, atr\u0103g\u00e2nd \u015fi fascin\u00e2nd \u015fi ast\u0103zi vizitatorii.\u00cen 1980 a fost amenajat\u0103 „Galeria astronau\u0163ilor”, \u00een care, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 portretele lui Ptolemeu, Copernic, Galilei, Newton \u015fi Einstein, cel care viziteaz\u0103 muzeul este introdus \u00een lumea fascinant\u0103 \u015fi plin\u0103 de mistere a Universului. Personajele istorice sunt realizate dup\u0103 tablourile care prezint\u0103 cel mai sugestiv particularit\u0103\u0163ile ce caracterizeaz\u0103 personalit\u0103\u0163ile respective.<\/p>\n

Celebrit\u0103\u0163ile \u00een via\u0163\u0103 sunt modelate chiar \u00een atelierul expozi\u0163iei sau la ele acas\u0103, \u00een cabinetul de lucru. Printre personalit\u0103\u0163ile expuse \u00een muzeu se num\u0103r\u0103 \u015fi scriitoarea de romane poli\u0163iste Agatha Christie, modelat\u0103 \u00een cear\u0103 \u015fi \u00eembr\u0103cat\u0103 cu haine din garderoba personal\u0103. Actri\u0163a american\u0103 Liza Minnelli a fost realizat\u0103 de sculptorul muzeului \u00een urma unei vizite pe care aceasta a f\u0103cut-o la Hotelul „Savoy” din Londra. Ea a donat o pereche de gene false pentru a fi sigur\u0103 c\u0103 acest am\u0103nunt care o caracterizeaz\u0103 nu va fi uitat de organizatorii muzeului. Membrii forma\u0163iei Beatles au fost modela\u0163i \u00een mai multe r\u00e2nduri, ultima dat\u0103 \u00een 1985, c\u00e2nd au fost reprezenta\u0163i st\u00e2nd \u00een picioare, \u00een jurul unei pianine. Actorul american Humphrey Bogart este prezentat \u00eentr-o secven\u0163\u0103 din cunoscutul film „Casablanca”, realizat\u0103 \u00een 1942. Sofia Loren a pozat \u00een apartamentul ei de la Paris, pe c\u00e2nd Ella Fitzgerald, \u00een cabina ei de la Clubul de Jazz al lui Ronnie Scott din Londra. Tot \u00een aceast\u0103 sec\u0163ie pot fi \u00eent\u00e2lni\u0163i celebrii juc\u0103torii de tenis Bjorn Borg \u015fi John McEnroe. Larry Hagman, celebrul J.R., a venit personal la muzeu pentru a fi m\u0103surat \u015fi fotografiat, iar figura de cear\u0103 \u00eel prezint\u0103 \u00een cunoscutul rol din filmul „Dallas”. El a donat muzeului o p\u0103l\u0103rie \u015fi hainele pentru personajul J.R., dar \u015fi o bucat\u0103 de gazon de la Southfork Ranch din Dallas, pentru a fi a\u015fezat\u0103 l\u00e2ng\u0103 el.<\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 sec\u0163ie a muzeului o reprezint\u0103 „Holul de onoare”, care prezint\u0103 multe dintre figurile celebre ale Casei regale engleze, dar \u015fi conduc\u0103tori ai altor state ale lumii. La intrarea \u00een acest hol se g\u0103se\u015fte un salona\u015f \u00een care sunt prezentate figurile lui Ludovic al XVI-lea \u015fi Mariei Antoaneta, al\u0103turi de fiul lor Delfinul \u015fi fiica lor Madame Royale, realizate de Madame Tussaud \u00een 1790. \u00cen „Holul de onoare” se afl\u0103 \u015fi Henric al VIII-lea (1509-1547), unul dintre cei mai importan\u0163i regi englezi, \u00eenconjurat de cele \u015fase nefericite so\u0163ii: Caterina de Aragon; Anne Boleyn – moart\u0103 prin decapitare; Jane Seymour – decedat\u0103; Anne de Cleve – de care a divor\u0163at; Catherine Howard – decapitat\u0103, \u015fi ultima, Catherine Parr. \u00cen cadrul familiei regale mai pot fi v\u0103zute figurile lui Charles al II-lea (1660-1685) purt\u00e2nd o peruc\u0103 cu mul\u0163i c\u00e2rlion\u0163i, George al IV-lea \u015fi regina Victoria, a c\u0103rui figur\u0103 \u00een cear\u0103 a fost realizat\u0103 \u00een 1897 \u015fi este \u00eembr\u0103cat\u0103 \u00een haine cernite, ca urmare a \u00eendelungatei perioade de v\u0103duvie. George al III-lea, bunicul reginei Victoria, a fost cel care a ini\u0163iat tradi\u0163ia ca membrii familiei regale s\u0103-\u015fi realizeze figurile \u00een cear\u0103, chiar din timpul vie\u0163ii, el poz\u00e2ndu-i lui Madame Tussaud \u00een 1809. Printre conduc\u0103torii altor state, aici pot fi \u00eent\u00e2lni\u0163i Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Harry Truman, regele Olav al Norvegiei, regele spaniol Juan Carlos, regina Margareta a Danemarcei etc. Lista cu personalit\u0103\u0163ile din muzeu ar putea continua cu Napoleon Bonaparte, Churchill, Lincoln, Dickens, Shakespeare \u015fi mul\u0163i al\u0163ii.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Muzeul figurilor de cear\u0103, cunoscut \u015fi sub numele de „Muzeul Madame Tussaud”, are o istorie deosebit de palpitant\u0103. Cine a fost Madame Tussaud? Doamna Tussaud, realizatoarea muzeului, pe numele de fat\u0103 Marie Grosholtz, s-a n\u0103scut \u00een anul 1761, la Strasbourg, … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":66818,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[9798,759,712,758,268],"class_list":["post-2232","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura","tag-cultura","tag-figuri-de-ceara","tag-ludovic-al-xvi-lea","tag-madame-tussaud","tag-muzeu"],"yoast_head":"\nIstoria palpitant\u0103 a Muzeului figurilor de cear\u0103 (Muzeul Madame Tussaud) - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/istoria-palpitanta-a-muzeului-figurilor-de-ceara-muzeul-madame-tussaud\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Istoria palpitant\u0103 a Muzeului figurilor de cear\u0103 (Muzeul Madame Tussaud)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Muzeul figurilor de cear\u0103, cunoscut \u015fi sub numele de „Muzeul Madame Tussaud”, are o istorie deosebit de palpitant\u0103. 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