{"id":21650,"date":"2012-01-02T23:25:14","date_gmt":"2012-01-02T21:25:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=21650"},"modified":"2012-01-03T20:05:54","modified_gmt":"2012-01-03T18:05:54","slug":"william-herschel-printul-astronomiei-sau-incredibila-viata-a-descoperitorului-planetei-uranus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/william-herschel-printul-astronomiei-sau-incredibila-viata-a-descoperitorului-planetei-uranus\/","title":{"rendered":"William Herschel, prin\u0163ul astronomiei sau incredibila via\u0163\u0103 a descoperitorului planetei Uranus"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>V\u0103 aduce\u0163i aminte de articolul acesta publicat pe la mijlocul lui 2011? https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/genialul-astronom-herschel-credea-ca-pe-soare-se-gasesc-extraterestri-ce-au-capete-uriase\/<\/strong><\/a>. \u00cen el vorbeam despre faptul cum astronomul Herschel credea c\u0103 pe Soare tr\u0103iesc ni\u015fte extratere\u015ftri cu capete extrem de mari. Dar cine este acest extravagant astronom? Poate ar fi interesant s\u0103-i facem o mic\u0103 biografie.<\/p>\n

Herschel, un dezertor?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Friedrik William Herschel s-a n\u0103scut \u00eentr-o familie modest\u0103, \u00een electoratul Hanovra, la 15 noiembrie 1738, ca fiu al lui Isaac \u015fi al Annei Herschel. Dup\u0103 ce a \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at s\u0103 c\u00e2nte la vioar\u0103 \u015fi la oboi, el a devenit, al\u0103turi de tat\u0103l s\u0103u, membru al fanfarei G\u0103rzii din Hanovra \u00een 1753, dup\u0103 o educa\u0163ie destul de rudimentar\u0103. \u00cen timpul unei confrunt\u0103ri armate din R\u0103zboiul de \u015eapte Ani, la sfatul tat\u0103lui s\u0103u, el a p\u0103r\u0103sit brusc c\u00e2mpul de lupt\u0103, ceea ce ulterior a alimentat zvonurile conform c\u0103rora ar fi un dezertor. De fapt, el nu fusese un soldat \u00een \u00een\u0163elesul obi\u015fnuit al cuv\u00e2ntului. \u00cen 1757 el s-a mutat \u00een Anglia (pe atunci aliat\u0103 cu Frederick cel Mare) \u00eempreun\u0103 cu unul dintre fra\u0163ii s\u0103i, Jacob, \u015fi a r\u0103mas acolo p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul vie\u0163ii. \u00cen 1793, c\u00e2nd a fost naturalizat, \u015fi-a luat numele de William, sub care este cunoscut \u015fi ast\u0103zi.<\/p>\n

Astronomia, o pasiune din copil\u0103rie<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cenainte de a deveni astronom, Herschel a fost interesat at\u00e2t de bolta cereasc\u0103 pe timp de noapte, c\u00e2t \u015fi de implica\u0163iile filozofice ale descoperirilor din secolul al XVIII-lea. \u00cen adolescen\u0163\u0103, dup\u0103 cum consemneaz\u0103 jurnalele sale, Herschel a petrecut multe nop\u0163i privind stelele \u00eempreun\u0103 cu tat\u0103l s\u0103u, care a fost mentorul \u015fi modelul lui Herschel \u015fi-a consacrat \u00eentreaga energie astronomiei abia c\u00e2nd a \u00eemplinit treizeci \u015fi cinci de ani. Dup\u0103 ce a ajuns \u00een Anglia, a predat muzica \u015fi a c\u00e2ntat cu succes c\u00e2\u0163iva ani buni: \u00een 1766 a devenit organist al Capelei Octagon din Bath.<\/p>\n

Herschel \u00ee\u015fi construia singur telescoapele<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar \u00een 1773 a \u00eenceput s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 achizi\u0163ioneze telescoape \u015fi alte instrumente, \u015fi \u00een scurt\u0103 vreme \u015fi-a transformat \u00eentreaga cas\u0103 \u00een atelier. Sora lui, Caroline, de care era deosebit de apropiat, consemneaz\u0103 c\u0103 odat\u0103, pe c\u00e2nd William lustruia o lentil\u0103 pentru un telescop, \u201eAm fost chiar nevoit\u0103 s\u0103-l hr\u0103nesc ca pe un bebelu\u015f, b\u0103g\u00e2ndu-i dumica\u0163ii \u00een gur\u0103”.<\/em> Primul lui telescop a avut o lungime focal\u0103 de 1,8 m. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103 a construit unul care avea doisprezece metri lungime, prea greoi ca s\u0103 poat\u0103 constitui un succes real. \u00cencep\u00e2nd cu 1774, Herschel \u015fi-a consacrat toate nop\u0163ile observ\u0103rii cerului. \u00cen 1780 \u015fi-a prezentat primele articole la Societatea Regal\u0103, printre care \u015fi unul dedicat mun\u0163ilor de pe Lun\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cum a descoperit Herschel planeta Uranus<\/strong><\/p>\n

La 13 martie 1781, Herschel a observat pe cer o pat\u0103 luminoas\u0103 despre care nu putea spune cu certitudine c\u0103 ar fi o stea. La \u00eenceput a crezut c\u0103 este o comet\u0103, dar \u00een timp mi\u015fcarea ei lent\u0103 pe o traiectorie orbital\u0103 i-a \u00eent\u0103rit convingerea c\u0103 are de-a face cu o planet\u0103. Obiectul era cunoscut astronomilor, dar nimeni \u00eenaintea lui Herschel nu-i identificase natura. A\u015fadar, Herschel a fost primul care a descoperit o planet\u0103 nou\u0103, dup\u0103 antici. Ast\u0103zi, planeta este cunoscut\u0103 sub denumirea de Uranus, de\u015fi ini\u0163ial Herschel o botezase Georgium Sidus, \u00een onoarea regelui George al II-lea, monarhul britanic – cel care, \u00een acela\u015fi an, pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt, a pierdut coloniile britanice din America de Nord.<\/p>\n

Totu\u015fi, ca s\u0103 fim corec\u0163i, a\u015fa cum scriam \u00eentr-un articol despre istoria descoperirii planetei Uranus (https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/planeta-uranus-n-a-fost-descoperita-de-herschel-in-1781-ci-de-flamsteed-in-1690\/<\/strong><\/a>), aceasta se pare c\u0103 a fost observat\u0103 pentru prima dat\u0103 de astronomul olandez Flamsteed \u00een anul 1690, dar acesta a \u00eenregistrat-o ca pe o „stea mic\u0103”.<\/p>\n

Herschel, astronomul regal al regelui Angliei<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen c\u00e2teva luni, Herschel a fost ales membru al Societ\u0103\u0163ii Regale, iar \u00een 1782 monarhul l-a numit astronomul s\u0103u regal. Herschel a devenit celebru \u00een toat\u0103 lumea \u015fi, deoarece nu mai era obligat s\u0103 munceasc\u0103 pentru a-\u015fi c\u00e2\u015ftiga existen\u0163a, pentru el a \u00eenceput o perioad\u0103 extrem de fructuoas\u0103, dedicat\u0103 cercet\u0103rii. Amploarea activit\u0103\u0163ii lui Herschel \u015fi rezultatele lui prodigioase \u00eei confer\u0103 statutul de fondator al astronomiei stelare.<\/p>\n

Descoperirea a 2.500 de nebuloase<\/strong><\/p>\n

Continu\u00e2nd activitatea de catalogare sistematic\u0103, el a publicat listele stelelor duble \u015fi multiple \u00een 1783. \u00cen acela\u015fi an a ini\u0163iat un program e\u015falonat pe dou\u0103zeci de ani, dedicat c\u0103ut\u0103rii nebuloaselor. \u015ei-a publicat primul catalog \u00een 1786, reu\u015find \u00een cele din urm\u0103 s\u0103 localizeze circa dou\u0103 mii cinci sute de asemenea nebuloase.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ciuda limitelor de ordin tehnic, Herschel a elaborat o prim\u0103 versiune a teoriei originii corpurilor cere\u015fti. El sugera c\u0103 stelele, c\u00e2ndva disparate, au fost treptat atrase \u00een grup\u0103ri de o densitate mai mare \u00een conformitate cu for\u0163a de atrac\u0163ie, fenomen ce a condus la formarea roiurilor \u015fi nebuloaselor. Ipoteza lui Herschel a fost discutat\u0103 \u00een manualele de astronomie pe tot parcursul secolului al XIX-lea.<\/p>\n

Cercetarea galaxiei Calea Lactee<\/strong><\/p>\n

Concomitent cu munca de catalogare a bol\u0163ii cere\u015fti, Herschel a \u00eencercat s\u0103-i \u00een\u0163eleag\u0103 structura de ansamblu. \u00cen 1784, el a \u00eenceput s\u0103 studieze sistematic forma C\u0103ii Lactee. Galileo Galilei ar\u0103tase c\u0103 aceasta este compus\u0103 dintr-un num\u0103r uria\u015f de stele, iar specula\u0163iile anterioare avansau ipoteza c\u0103, \u00een \u00eentregul ei, Calea Lactee ar putea fi ceva asem\u0103n\u0103tor sistemului solar copernician, orbit\u00e2nd \u00een jurul unui centru. \u00cen On the Construction of the Heavens (Despre alc\u0103tuirea cerului)<\/em>, Herschel a oferit o descriere mai mult sau mai pu\u0163in corect\u0103 a \u201eformei de tocil\u0103” a C\u0103ii Lactee, care venea \u00een sprijinul specula\u0163iilor filozofului german Immanuel Kant. De\u015fi ini\u0163ial el credea c\u0103 stelele sunt uniform distribuite pe bolta cereasc\u0103, \u00een cele din urm\u0103 a conchis c\u0103 \u201eacest imens conglomerat stelar nu este \u00een niciun caz uniform”. <\/em>Tot mai con\u015ftient de complexitatea cerului, Herschel a manifestat o disponibilitate modern\u0103 de a-\u015fi schimba supozi\u0163iile atunci c\u00e2nd observa\u0163iile veneau \u00een contradic\u0163ie cu acestea.<\/p>\n

Alte preocup\u0103ri astronomice a lui Herschel<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cu toate c\u0103 principalele sale realiz\u0103ri au fost \u00een domeniul astronomiei siderale, Herschel a contribuit \u015fi la studiul sistemului solar \u015fi la l\u0103murirea naturii radia\u0163iei stelare. Folosind un micrometru, el a calculat \u00een\u0103l\u0163imea mun\u0163ilor de pe lun\u0103 (despre care era sigur c\u0103 este locuit\u0103). De asemenea, a elaborat studii ale planetelor cunoscute: Mercur, Venus, Marte, Jupiter \u015fi Saturn, precum \u015fi Uranus. Utiliz\u00e2nd sticle colorate pentru a cerceta soarele, Herschel a observat c\u0103 senza\u0163ia de c\u0103ldur\u0103 nu era corelat\u0103 cu lumina vizibil\u0103. Aceasta l-a determinat s\u0103 efectueze experimente cu termometre \u015fi prisme \u015fi s\u0103 emit\u0103 ipoteza corect\u0103 a existen\u0163ei unor unde calorice invizibile \u00een domeniul infraro\u015fu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Caroline<\/a>
Caroline Herschel, sora lui William<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Via\u0163a privat\u0103 a lui Herschel<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pe parcursul \u00eentregii sale cariere, Herschel a fost sprijinit de sora sa, Caroline, care a venit s\u0103 locuiasc\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu el \u00een 1772 \u015fi, \u00een 1786, s-a mutat tot \u00eempreun\u0103 cu el la Slough, l\u00e2ng\u0103 Londra. Ea i-a fost de ajutor \u00een multe privin\u0163e, efectu\u00e2nd calculele dificile \u015fi descoperind ea \u00eens\u0103\u015fi unele nebuloase \u015fi opt comete. \u00cen 1788, c\u00e2nd William s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit cu Mary Pitt, v\u0103duva unuia dintre prietenii s\u0103i, Caroline i-a purtat un timp resentimente profunde, dar p\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103 s-a v\u0103zut nevoit\u0103 s\u0103 se mul\u0163umeasc\u0103 doar cu o parte din afec\u0163iunea fratelui s\u0103u. I-a supravie\u0163uit lui William mul\u0163i ani, murind \u00een 1848, la v\u00e2rsta de nou\u0103zeci \u015fi opt de ani. \u00cen 1846, regele Prusiei i-a decernat Medalia de Aur pentru merite \u00een domeniul \u015ftiin\u0163ei.<\/p>\n

Lui William Herschel i s-au acordat multe onoruri spre sf\u00e2r\u015fitul vie\u0163ii, inclusiv un titlu de cavaler. Prin\u0163ul Astronomiei, cum era numit uneori, a murit la v\u00e2rsta de optzeci \u015fi patru de ani, la 25 august 1822. Singurul s\u0103u fiu pe care l-a avut cu Mary Pitt a devenit \u015fi el un reputat astronom \u015fi om de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103, care a continuat opera tat\u0103lui s\u0103u – onorabilul Sir John Herschel.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u0103 aduce\u0163i aminte de articolul acesta publicat pe la mijlocul lui 2011? https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/genialul-astronom-herschel-credea-ca-pe-soare-se-gasesc-extraterestri-ce-au-capete-uriase\/. \u00cen el vorbeam despre faptul cum astronomul Herschel credea c\u0103 pe Soare tr\u0103iesc ni\u015fte extratere\u015ftri cu capete extrem de mari. Dar cine este acest extravagant astronom? Poate … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21651,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[3063,102,1405,160,433,1893,1916,149,392,2359,732,3417,865,733,9803,434,2849],"class_list":["post-21650","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-stiinta","tag-astronom","tag-astronomie","tag-calea-lactee","tag-cometa","tag-galaxie","tag-herschel","tag-kant","tag-luna","tag-marea-britanie","tag-nebuloasa","tag-planeta","tag-sistem-solar","tag-soare","tag-stea","tag-stiinta","tag-telescop","tag-uranus","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nWilliam Herschel, prin\u0163ul astronomiei sau incredibila via\u0163\u0103 a descoperitorului planetei Uranus - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/william-herschel-printul-astronomiei-sau-incredibila-viata-a-descoperitorului-planetei-uranus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"William Herschel, prin\u0163ul astronomiei sau incredibila via\u0163\u0103 a descoperitorului planetei Uranus\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V\u0103 aduce\u0163i aminte de articolul acesta publicat pe la mijlocul lui 2011? https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/genialul-astronom-herschel-credea-ca-pe-soare-se-gasesc-extraterestri-ce-au-capete-uriase\/. \u00cen el vorbeam despre faptul cum astronomul Herschel credea c\u0103 pe Soare tr\u0103iesc ni\u015fte extratere\u015ftri cu capete extrem de mari. 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