{"id":2140,"date":"2008-12-24T12:15:18","date_gmt":"2008-12-24T08:15:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=2140"},"modified":"2008-12-25T12:24:00","modified_gmt":"2008-12-25T08:24:00","slug":"cum-se-anesteziau-in-trecut-pacientii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cum-se-anesteziau-in-trecut-pacientii\/","title":{"rendered":"Cum se anesteziau \u00een trecut pacien\u0163ii"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"anestezie\"\u00cen seara zilei de 30 septembrie 1846, William Green Morton, dentist la Boston, \u00eel prime\u015fte pe un om care suferea de o \u00eenfior\u0103toare durere de din\u0163i. Opera\u0163ia era singura solu\u0163ie. Pentru a evita durerea, omul cere s\u0103 fie magnetizat, potrivit unei tehnici la mod\u0103. Dar Moren \u00eei poate oferi ceva mai bun: \u00eel pune s\u0103 inhaleze o batist\u0103 \u00eembibata cu eter, urmarea fiind pierderea imediat\u0103 a cuno\u015ftin\u0163ei. Dup\u0103 ce-\u015fi revine, omul nu-\u015fi mai aminte\u015fte de nimic \u015fi, mai ales, n-a sim\u0163it nimic. Pe 16 octombrie, Morton repet\u0103 experien\u0163a, de ast\u0103 dat\u0103 \u00een public, la spitalul din Boston. Noutatea se r\u0103sp\u00e2nde\u015fte repede \u00een mediile medicale.<\/p>\n

Olivier Wendel Holmes, medic \u015fi scriitor american, este cel care sugereaz\u0103 termenul de anestezie – sensul fiind acela de pierdere a sensibilit\u0103\u0163ii. Cu doi ani mai \u00eenainte, Horace Wells fusese mult mai pu\u0163in norocos. Dup\u0103 ce experimentase asupra lui efectele protoxidului de azot, faimosul gaz ilariant, el decide s\u0103 \u00eencerce o opera\u0163ie sub anestezie \u00een fa\u0163a unui amfiteatru ticsit. Dar, vai, \u00een momentul extrac\u0163iei, pacientul scoate strig\u0103te de durere. Dentistul este batjocorit. El va sf\u00e2r\u015fi prin a-\u015fi deschide venele \u015fi moare dup\u0103 ce inhaleaz\u0103 eter. Un pic de \u0163uic\u0103 ar fi putut s\u0103-l ajute pentru a dep\u0103\u015fi acest moment dificil.<\/p>\n

Amput\u0103rile durau c\u00e2teva zeci de secunde. Dominique Larez, chirurg din Napoli, putea amputa un bra\u0163 \u00een 17 secunde. El \u00eei opera pe r\u0103ni\u0163i \u00een stare de \u015foc, pentru a le diminua suferin\u0163ele fizice \u015fi psihice care rezultau din pierderea membrelor. \u00cen timpul b\u0103t\u0103liei de la Borodino, care a durat mai mult de 15 ore, el a practicat mai mult de 200 de amput\u0103ri. Fuseser\u0103 deja explorate posibilit\u0103\u0163ile magnetismului, str\u0103mo\u015f al hipnozei. \u00cen 1929, doctorul Chaplin trata o doamn\u0103 atins\u0103 de cancer la s\u00e2n. „Dup\u0103 ce a ob\u0163inut, sub influen\u0163a magnetismului, somnul \u015fi insensibilitatea, i-a propus unui coleg s\u0103 o opereze pe aceast\u0103 doamn\u0103 \u00een timpul somnului”,<\/em> relateaz\u0103 doctorul Ozanam, de la Facultatea de Medicin\u0103, \u00een cartea sa „Istoria durerii”,<\/strong><\/em> ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een 1857. „Bolnava s-a dezbr\u0103cat, s-a a\u015fezat \u015fi a suportat opera\u0163ia, care a durat 12 minute, f\u0103r\u0103 a da semne de durere, f\u0103r\u0103 ca pulsul s\u0103 fi fost modificat; trezit\u0103 mai t\u00e2rziu, ea nu-\u015fi aminte\u015fte de nimic.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Dar pu\u0163ine erau persoanele care puteau fi magnetizate p\u00e2n\u0103 la punctul de a-\u015fi pierde sensibilitatea, a\u015fa c\u0103 oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 continu\u0103 s\u0103 caute remediul miraculos. La \u00eenceputul secolului XIX, arti\u015fti ambulan\u0163i americani propun celor care c\u0103scau gura la spectacolele oferite de ei \u00een t\u00e2rguri s\u0103 respire gaze ilariante. C\u00e2nd ace\u015fti cobai se loveau, p\u0103reau a nu sim\u0163i nimic. Farmacistul Humphrey Davy confirm\u0103 propriet\u0103\u0163ile analgezice ale acestui produs. Foarte repede, Michael Faraday, unul dintre discipolii s\u0103i – celebru pentru a fi descoperit principiul dominoului – constat\u0103 puterea narcotic\u0103 a unui alt produs, eterul. Dup\u0103 succesul lui Morton \u00een 1846, \u00een SUA, produsul ajunge \u00een Europa. „Studen\u0163ii universit\u0103\u0163ii din Cambridge se amuzau deseori scufund\u00e2ndu-se, datorit\u0103 eterului, \u00eentr-o be\u0163ie agreabil\u0103 sau \u00eentr-un somn pl\u0103cut”,<\/em> poveste\u015fte dr. Ozanam.<\/p>\n

Calea este deschis\u0103: se testeaz\u0103 noi substan\u0163e. \u00cen 1847, dr. James Simpson testeaz\u0103 cloroformul \u00een timpul unei opera\u0163ii. Este mai pu\u0163in excitant dec\u00e2t eterul, care declan\u015feaz\u0103 o eliberare de adrenalin\u0103. \u00cen loc de 10 minute, c\u00e2teva secunde sunt suficiente pentru a adormi un bolnav. Dar, cur\u00e2nd, se descoper\u0103 inconvenientele sale.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1848, o t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 englezoaic\u0103 operat\u0103 la o unghie \u00eencarnat\u0103 moare subit. \u00cen realitate, aceste accidente sunt deseori datorate absen\u0163ei de ventila\u0163ie artificial\u0103. \u00cen 1881, apare primul instrument de reanimare: pensa de tras limba. Pentru a reanima, se exercita o trac\u0163iune ritmat\u0103 a limbii. Treptat, se impun reguli pentru a evita accidentele: cloroformul se aplic\u0103 pe stomacul gol, \u00eentr-o camer\u0103 vast\u0103 \u015fi aerisit\u0103. \u00cen ciuda accidentelor survenite, „anestezia este considerat\u0103 ca unul din progresele cele mai importante ale secolului XIX”<\/em>, subliniaz\u0103 Marie-Therese Cousin, autoarea c\u0103r\u0163ii „Anestezie-reanimare \u00een Fran\u0163a”.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Dar mentalit\u0103\u0163ile evolueaz\u0103 lent. Pentru religie, durerea este legat\u0103 de no\u0163iunea de isp\u0103\u015fire a p\u0103catelor. La catolici, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul XVII, suferin\u0163a este garantul salv\u0103rii sufletului pentru credincio\u015fi. \u00cen Islam se spunea c\u0103 un credincios care are de suportat o opera\u0163ie prefera s\u0103 fie operat \u00een timpul rug\u0103ciunii mai \u00eendat\u0103 dec\u00e2t sub narcoz\u0103. \u00cencrederea \u00een divinitate era mai mare dec\u00e2t \u00een medicin\u0103 \u015fi substan\u0163ele sale. „A-l livra pe operat, lipsit de cuno\u015ftin\u0163\u0103, extazului sau pl\u0103cerii, este scandalos”, relateaz\u0103 istoricul Marie-Jeanne Lavillatte Couteau. Nici chiar medicii nu cred \u00een aceste noi produse. Dup\u0103 fiecare accident, totul este repus sub semnul \u00eendoielii: „Ce chirurg ar \u00eendr\u0103zni s\u0103 administreze o astfel de substan\u0163\u0103 c\u00e2nd nimic nu-i garanteaz\u0103 c\u0103 bolnavul nu va fi lovit de o moarte fulger\u0103toare?”<\/em>, se revolt\u0103 chirurgul Malgaigne \u00een 1848. Cu toate acestea, anestezia c\u00e2\u015ftiga teren. \u00cen 1853, regina Victoria \u00eei cere medicului s\u0103u John Snow s\u0103 nasc\u0103 sub cloroform.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen seara zilei de 30 septembrie 1846, William Green Morton, dentist la Boston, \u00eel prime\u015fte pe un om care suferea de o \u00eenfior\u0103toare durere de din\u0163i. Opera\u0163ia era singura solu\u0163ie. Pentru a evita durerea, omul cere s\u0103 fie magnetizat, potrivit … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2141,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[722,723,419,9794],"class_list":["post-2140","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicina","tag-anestezie","tag-cloroform","tag-doctor","tag-medicina","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nCum se anesteziau \u00een trecut pacien\u0163ii - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cum-se-anesteziau-in-trecut-pacientii\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cum se anesteziau \u00een trecut pacien\u0163ii\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen seara zilei de 30 septembrie 1846, William Green Morton, dentist la Boston, \u00eel prime\u015fte pe un om care suferea de o \u00eenfior\u0103toare durere de din\u0163i. 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