{"id":19454,"date":"2011-08-03T09:01:36","date_gmt":"2011-08-03T06:01:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=19454"},"modified":"2011-08-11T13:42:03","modified_gmt":"2011-08-11T10:42:03","slug":"homo-floresiensis-o-noua-specie-misterioasa-de-oameni-sau-hobitii-din-indonezia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/homo-floresiensis-o-noua-specie-misterioasa-de-oameni-sau-hobitii-din-indonezia\/","title":{"rendered":"Homo floresiensis, o nou\u0103 specie misterioas\u0103 de oameni sau hobi\u0163ii din Indonezia"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Oameni de 94.000 de ani<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen septembrie 2003, o echip\u0103 interna\u0163ional\u0103 de cercet\u0103tori, condus\u0103 de R.P. Soejono de la Centrul Indonezian pentru Arheologie \u015fi Michael Morwood de la Universitatea din New England Armidale, efectuau s\u0103p\u0103turi \u00eentr-o pe\u015fter\u0103 calcaroas\u0103, numit\u0103 Liang Bua din insula indonezian\u0103 Flores, localizat\u0103 \u00eentre Sumatra \u015fi Timorul de Est. La ad\u00e2ncimea de aproximativ 6 m, au descoperit scheletul aproape intact al unei femei a c\u0103rei v\u00e2rst\u0103 a fost estimat\u0103 la cea 30 de ani. Scheletul, care p\u0103rea o specie de hominid, avea \u00een\u0103l\u0163imea de doar un metru. Alte oase apar\u0163in\u00e2nd aceleia\u015fi specii au fost g\u0103site \u00een apropiere: era vorba, \u00een total, de nou\u0103 indivizi. Folosind datarea cu Carbon 14 \u015fi termoluminiscen\u0163a, cele mai vechi r\u0103m\u0103\u015fi\u0163e au fost datate ca provenind de acum 94 000 de ani, iar cele mai recente, de acum 12 000 de ani.<\/p>\n

De asemenea, \u00een pe\u015fter\u0103 au fost g\u0103site r\u0103m\u0103\u015fi\u0163e de pe\u015fti, broa\u015fte, \u015ferpi, broa\u015fte-\u0163estoase, \u015fobolani uria\u015fi, p\u0103s\u0103ri \u015fi lilieci, plus alte animale mai mari, precum o specie pitic\u0103 de Stegodon (un elefant pigmeu disp\u0103rut), varani Komodo \u015fi o \u015fop\u00e2rl\u0103 mare. Descoperirea unor pietre cr\u0103pate \u00een foc \u015fi a unor oase incinerate la nivele care con\u0163in materiale scheletale hominide sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 homo floresiensis \u015ftia s\u0103 controleze focul. O alt\u0103 descoperire semnificativ\u0103 a fost un ansamblu de unelte de piatr\u0103 relativ sofisticate, inclusiv mici lame ce puteau fi montate pe m\u00e2nere din lemn. Unele dintre uneltele de piatr\u0103 aveau leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu Stegodon, ceea ce sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 homo floresiensis \u00eei v\u00e2na.<\/p>\n

O nou\u0103 specie de oameni?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Echipa a publicat un articol despre aceste uluitoare descoperiri \u00een octombrie 2004, \u00een jurnalul \u015ftiin\u0163ific Nature<\/em>. Concluziile lor au fost de-a dreptul incredibile. Astfel, au anun\u0163at c\u0103 a fost descoperit\u0103 o nou\u0103 specie de oameni mici, pe care i-au numit homo floresiensis. Cercet\u0103torii au considerat c\u0103 este, de asemenea, posibil ca aceast\u0103 specie s\u0103 fi supravie\u0163uit pe insula Flores p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een perioadele istorice. Scheletul original a devenit cunoscut drept Mica Doamn\u0103 din Flores (sau LB1), iar speciei i s-a dat numele de hobi\u0163i, dup\u0103 c\u0103r\u0163ile lui J.R.R. Tolkien, St\u0103p\u00e2nul inelelor<\/em>. To\u0163i indivizii aveau aproximativ 1 metru \u00een\u0103l\u0163ime, bra\u0163e lungi \u015fi cranii de m\u0103rimea unui grepfrut. Erau bipezi, dar aveau un creier extrem de mic (aproximativ o treime din cel al oamenilor moderni \u015fi ceva mai mic dec\u00e2t cel al unui cimpanzeu). Aveau unelte sofisticate, v\u00e2nau elefan\u0163i pitici \u015fi tr\u0103iau \u00een acela\u015fi timp ca ni\u015fte oameni moderni, care colonizau zona.<\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103torii au ajuns la concluzia c\u0103 homo floresiensis nu era forma pigmee a oamenilor moderni, ci o form\u0103 la scar\u0103 mic\u0103 a lui homo erectus, ruda estic\u0103 a omului de Neanderthal din Europa, care a disp\u0103rut odat\u0103 cu apari\u0163ia omului modern, \u00een urm\u0103 cu aproximativ 30 000 de ani. Homo erectus a disp\u0103rut, de asemenea, din arhivele istoriei chiar \u00eenainte ca omul modern s\u0103 ajung\u0103 \u00een teritoriile sale.<\/p>\n

Cum de oamenii puteau fi at\u00e2t de mici?<\/strong><\/p>\n

O \u00eentrebare important\u0103 privitoare la aceast\u0103 descoperire este modul cum explic\u0103 oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 dimensiunile mici ale lui homo floresiensis. Conform unei teorii, insula Flores este foarte izolat\u0103 \u015fi, \u00eenainte de vremurile moderne, era locuit\u0103 doar de un grup limitat de animale care reu\u015fiser\u0103 s\u0103 ajung\u0103 aici. Aceste animale au fost supuse unor for\u0163e evolutive neobi\u015fnuite, unde devenind gigantice – a se vedea gigantica \u015fop\u00e2rl\u0103 sau varanul Komodo (care \u00eenc\u0103 mai exist\u0103) -, iar altele reduc\u00e2ndu-\u015fi dimensiunea – elefantul pigmeu (Stegodon), de exemplu. Echipa crede c\u0103 homo floresiensis au fost descendentul lui homo erectus, care ar fi ajuns \u00een Flores \u00een urm\u0103 cu 840 000 de ani. Izola\u0163i pe insul\u0103, fizicul lor a \u00eenceput s\u0103 evolueze, trec\u00e2nd prin acela\u015fi proces adaptativ care a redus dimensiunile elefan\u0163ilor. Mic\u015forarea lor ar putea fi, de asemenea, rezultatul lipsei de resurse de pe Flores.<\/p>\n

Un om cu un creier extrem de redus<\/strong><\/p>\n

Descoperirea nea\u015fteptat\u0103 a homo floresiensis este considerat\u0103 cea mai important\u0103 de acest gen din istoria recent\u0103. Acest nou membru al clasei homo ar putea chiar s\u0103 schimbe felul \u00een care \u00een\u0163elegem evolu\u0163ia uman\u0103. De exemplu, suntem \u00eenclina\u0163i s\u0103 credem c\u0103 realizarea unor unelte sofisticate necesit\u0103 un creier mare. Dar creierul micu\u0163 al Doamnei din Flores contrazice acest lucru \u015fi sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 cercet\u0103torii trebuie s\u0103 pun\u0103 sub semnul \u00eendoielii afirma\u0163iile anterioare cu privire la inteligen\u0163\u0103 \u015fi capacitatea creierelor mici ale str\u0103mo\u015filor no\u015ftri. Unul dintre descoperitori, dr. Michael Morwood, crede chiar c\u0103 homo floresiensis ar fi avut o limb\u0103 primitiv\u0103 pe care o foloseau pentru a comunica atunci c\u00e2nd v\u00e2nau elefan\u0163i \u015fi \u015fop\u00e2rle uria\u015fe. Dar al\u0163ii -nu sunt de acord, sus\u0163in\u00e2nd c\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi cimpanzeii \u015fi lupii pot v\u00e2na eficient f\u0103r\u0103 ajutorul limbajului.<\/p>\n

Descoperirea din Flores pune, de asemenea, sub semnul \u00eendoielii p\u0103rerea conven\u0163ional\u0103 conform c\u0103reia oamenii au str\u0103b\u0103tut p\u0103m\u00e2ntul singuri de c\u00e2nd omul de Neanderthal a murit acum 30 000 de ani. Homo floresiensis a reu\u015fit s\u0103 supravie\u0163uiasc\u0103 mult timp, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een perioada modern\u0103, \u015fi, spre deosebire de majoritatea popula\u0163iilor umane arhaice, a reu\u015fit s\u0103 coexiste cu oamenii moderni. Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 dou\u0103 specii distincte de oameni, homo sapiens \u015fi homo floresiensis, au tr\u0103it simultan pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Totu\u015fi, de\u015fi pe Flores s-au g\u0103sit r\u0103m\u0103\u015fi\u0163e ale oamenilor moderni, cea mai veche are doar 11 000 de ani, a\u015fa c\u0103 este posibil ca cele dou\u0103 specii s\u0103 nu se fi aflat \u00een acela\u015fi timp pe insul\u0103.<\/p>\n

Reac\u0163iile \u00een comunitatea \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 \u015fi dincolo de aceasta sunt la fel de extreme ca \u015fi descoperirea. Chris Stringer, \u015feful departamentului originilor umane de la Muzeul de Istorie Natural\u0103 din Londra, a spus c\u0103 \u201emul\u0163i cercet\u0103tori (inclusiv eu) au avut \u00eendoieli cu privire la aceste afirma\u0163ii” <\/em>\u015fi a ad\u0103ugat c\u0103 nimic nu l-ar fi putut preg\u0103ti pentru surpriza micilor homo floresiensis. El a speculat, de asemenea, c\u0103 bra\u0163ele lungi semnific\u0103 faptul c\u0103 homo floresiensis petrecea foarte mult timp prin copaci. \u201eNu \u015ftim acest lucru. Dar dac\u0103 au existat varani Komodo acolo, \u00ee\u0163i dore\u015fti s\u0103 te afli \u00een copaci \u00eempreun\u0103 cu copila\u015fii t\u0103i, ca s\u0103 fii \u00een siguran\u0163\u0103.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Al\u0163i cercet\u0103tori nu sunt de acord<\/strong><\/p>\n

Au existat \u015fi \u00eenc\u0103 mai exist\u0103 destui cercet\u0103tori care nu sunt de acord cu concluziile trase \u00een urma descoperirilor f\u0103cute \u00een pe\u015ftera Liang Bua. Cel mai de seam\u0103 paleoantropolog din Indonezia, Teuku Jacob, a afirmat c\u0103 LB1 nu a fost c\u00e2tu\u015fi de pu\u0163in membr\u0103 a unei noi specii, ci a apar\u0163inut rasei australomelaneside a omului modern \u015fi, astfel, avea doar 1300-1800 ani vechime. Jacob \u015fi al\u0163i cercet\u0103tori renumi\u0163i cred c\u0103 oasele apar\u0163in, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, unui om modern (homo sapiens), cel mai probabil un pigmeu cu un defect al creierului cunoscut drept microcefalie. S-a sugerat chiar c\u0103 oasele apar\u0163in str\u0103mo\u015filor locuitorilor pigmei din vremurile moderne, din satul Rampasasa, aproape de pe\u015ftera Liang Bua. Microcefalia este o condi\u0163ie patologic\u0103, caracaterizat\u0103 printr-un cap \u015fi creier neobi\u015fnuit de mici, asociat\u0103 frecvent cu tulbur\u0103ri mentale. Pentru a-\u015fi sprijini teoria, anatomistul Maciej Henneberg a afirmat c\u0103 acest craniu LB1 este identic celui microcefalic descoperit \u00een Creta.<\/p>\n

Totu\u015fi, Peter Brown, principalul autor al articolului ap\u0103rut \u00een Nature \u015fi profesor asociat la Universitatea din New England, \u00een New South Wales, respinge aceast\u0103 explica\u0163ie. El sus\u0163ine c\u0103 foarte pu\u0163ini oameni cu aceast\u0103 condi\u0163ie reu\u015fesc s\u0103 ajung\u0103 la maturitate. \u00cen plus, craniile microcefalice prezint\u0103 un num\u0103r de tr\u0103s\u0103turi distinctive, niciuna dintre acestea fiind g\u0103sit\u0103 \u00een cazul LB1. Brown sugereaz\u0103, de asemenea, c\u0103 oasele descoperite \u00een Liang Bua provin de la nou\u0103 indivizi, to\u0163i prezent\u00e2nd acelea\u015fi tr\u0103s\u0103turi \u00een privin\u0163a m\u0103rimii. Prin urmare, e greu s\u0103 afirmi c\u0103 \u00eentreaga popula\u0163ie suferea de microcefalie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Oameni de 94.000 de ani \u00cen septembrie 2003, o echip\u0103 interna\u0163ional\u0103 de cercet\u0103tori, condus\u0103 de R.P. Soejono de la Centrul Indonezian pentru Arheologie \u015fi Michael Morwood de la Universitatea din New England Armidale, efectuau s\u0103p\u0103turi \u00eentr-o pe\u015fter\u0103 calcaroas\u0103, numit\u0103 Liang … <\/p>\n

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