{"id":17073,"date":"2011-02-17T20:20:57","date_gmt":"2011-02-17T18:20:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=17073"},"modified":"2019-10-15T00:37:45","modified_gmt":"2019-10-14T21:37:45","slug":"silbury-hill-marea-piramida-a-lui-keops-din-anglia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/silbury-hill-marea-piramida-a-lui-keops-din-anglia\/","title":{"rendered":"Silbury Hill, marea piramid\u0103 a lui Keops din Anglia"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Imagine:<\/strong> wikimedia.rog<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

La mic\u0103 altitudine, \u00een valea Kennet din Wiltshire, \u00een sudul Angliei, se afl\u0103 misteriosul Silbury Hill, cel mai mare gorgan creat de om din Europa \u015fi unul dintre cele mai mari din lume. Este unul dintre siturile preistorice sacre care \u00eenconjoar\u0103 satul Avebury \u015fi con\u0163ine un complex de monumente neolitice, printre care un cromleh uria\u015f (o zon\u0103 circular\u0103 plat\u0103, \u00eenchis\u0103 cu o margine de p\u0103m\u00e2nt), cercuri de piatr\u0103, aliniamente de piatr\u0103 \u015fi camere mortuare.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2\u0163i oameni au lucrat la aceast\u0103 construc\u0163ie monumental\u0103?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Impun\u0103toarea structur\u0103 de p\u0103m\u00e2nt de la Silbury Hill are o \u00een\u0103l\u0163ime de 40 m, v\u00e2rful plat are o \u00eentindere de 30 m, iar diametrul la baz\u0103 are 167 m. \u015ean\u0163ul lat de aproximativ 40 m care \u00eenconjoar\u0103 Silbury a fost sursa principal\u0103 a materialului din care este alc\u0103tuit\u0103 movila, aproximativ 248 000 m3 de calcar \u015fi p\u0103m\u00e2nt. S-a estimat c\u0103, pentru construc\u0163ia monumentului, a fost nevoie de efortul a 1 500-2 000 de oameni care s\u0103 lucreze vreme de un an, 300-400 de oameni care s\u0103 lucreze peste cinci ani sau 60-80 de oameni care s\u0103 lucreze vreme de mai bine de 25 de ani. Cu totul, 4-6 milioane de ore de munc\u0103, de\u015fi unii au sugerat chiar 18 milioane de ore.<\/p>\n

Datorit\u0103 dimensiunilor sale, Silbury a fost adesea comparat cu Marea Piramid\u0103 din Egipt, care este oarecum contemporan\u0103 construc\u0163iei uria\u015fe din Anglia. Prin recenta datare cu Carbon 14 a unui fragment de t\u00e2rn\u0103cop din corn de cerb, se pare c\u0103 Silbury a ajuns la forma final\u0103 \u00eentre anii 2490-2340 \u00ee.Hr.<\/p>\n

Silbury Hill, construit \u00een trei etape
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar care a fost scopul unei asemenea lucr\u0103ri uria\u015fe, care a implicat organizare \u015fi m\u00e2n\u0103 de lucru extraordinare? \u00cen momentul de fa\u0163\u0103 nu exist\u0103 un consens printre arheologi cu privire la num\u0103rul fazelor de construc\u0163ie ale movilei de la Silbury, de\u015fi se \u015ftie c\u0103 cei care au ridicat-o au folosit unelte de piatr\u0103, os, lemn \u015fi corn de cerb.<\/p>\n

Richard Atkinson, care a excavat movila la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul anilor ’60, a emis teoria a trei faze separate. \u00cen prima dintre fazele lui Atkinson (Silbury I), datat\u0103 \u00een jur de 2700 \u00ee.Hr., lucrarea a constat dintr-o movil\u0103 joas\u0103, din prundi\u015f, acoperit\u0103 cu straturi alternative de calcar, pietri\u015f \u015fi turb\u0103, av\u00e2nd aprximativ 6 m \u00een \u00een\u0103l\u0163ime \u015fi un diametru de circa 40 m. Atkinson era de p\u0103rere c\u0103 faza Silbury II a \u00eenceput aproximativ 200 de ani mai t\u00e2rziu \u015fi a constat dintr-o movil\u0103 mult mai mare, construit\u0103 peste Silbury I. \u00cen aceast\u0103 faz\u0103, lucrarea avea diametrul la baz\u0103 de aproximativ 80 m, iar \u00een\u0103l\u0163imea de 22 m. Silbury III a reprezentat faza final\u0103 a movilei, fiind practic lucrarea pe care o vedem ast\u0103zi. Atkinson considera c\u0103 structura Silbury III a fost alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din straturi de calcar, dintre care doar primele dou\u0103 de sus pot fi v\u0103zute ast\u0103zi. Fiecare dintre aceste trepte orizontale era \u00eenclinat\u0103 spre interior, la un unghi de 60 de grade, pentru a conferi stabilitate monumentului. Straturile au fost apoi umplute cu p\u0103m\u00e2nt, probabil din \u015fan\u0163ul de la baza movilei.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ciuda teoriei celor trei faze a lui Atkinson, ultimele dovezi \u00een urma cercet\u0103rilor de la Silbury au eviden\u0163iat posibilitatea unei singure faze de construc\u0163ie a sitului. Doar evaluarea complet\u0103 a monumentului va rezolva aceast\u0103 dilem\u0103.<\/p>\n

Expedi\u0163ii pentru dezlegarea misterului de la Silbury Hill<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen \u00eencercarea de a dezlega misterul de la Silbury Hill, au avut loc trei s\u0103p\u0103turi de propor\u0163ii. Prima a fost condus\u0103 de ducele de Northumberland \u00een 1776, acesta angaj\u00e2nd o echip\u0103 de mineri din Cornish pentru a s\u0103pa din v\u00e2rful movilei. Cu toate acestea, nu au g\u0103sit nimic notabil, iar muncitorii nu au umplut bine g\u0103urile produse, ceea ce a dus la pr\u0103bu\u015firea par\u0163ial\u0103 a v\u00e2rfului movilei \u00een 2000.<\/p>\n

Anticarul Dean Merewether a supravegheat s\u0103parea unui tunel dintr-o latur\u0103 a movilei p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een inima acesteia, \u00een 1849, dar nu a reu\u015fit s\u0103 aduc\u0103 prea mult\u0103 lumin\u0103 asupra func\u0163iei sitului de la Silbury Hill.<\/p>\n

S\u0103p\u0103turile enigmaticei movile, efectuate de profesorul Richard Atkinson, sponsorizate de BBC \u015fi desf\u0103\u015furate \u00eentre anii 1968-1970, sunt cele mai cuprinz\u0103toare investiga\u0163ii ale sitului de p\u00e2n\u0103 acum. Unul dintre cele trei \u015fan\u0163uri ale lui Atkinson a urmat tunelul creat de Merewether, dar nu au existat descoperiri senza\u0163ionale. De fapt, au fost g\u0103site pu\u0163ine artefacte, niciun morm\u00e2nt \u015fi niciun indiciu privind func\u0163ia structurii. Cu toate acestea, \u00een urma lucr\u0103rilor asupra sitului, Atkinson a reu\u015fit s\u0103-\u015fi elaboreze teoria cu privire la felul \u00een care a fost construit\u0103 movila. S\u0103p\u0103turile lui Atkinson au scos la iveal\u0103, de asemenea, m\u0103rturii considerabile despre mediu, printre care prezen\u0163a furnicilor zbur\u0103toare \u00een stratul de turb\u0103 al construc\u0163iei, dovad\u0103 ce a fost folosit\u0103 pentru a sugera c\u0103 lucrul la aceast\u0103 movil\u0103 a fost \u00eenceput \u00een luna august, care coincide – conform unora – cu festivalul celtic Lughnasadh sau Lammas. Chiar dac\u0103 Silbury a fost construit cu 2 000 de ani \u00eenainte, exist\u0103 dovezi ale culturii celtice \u00een Britania.<\/p>\n

Silbury Hill, movila mortuar\u0103 a unui rege britanic?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cu toate c\u0103 majoritatea arheologilor nu \u015ftiu s\u0103 explice func\u0163iile movilei de la Silbury Hill, teorii au existat din plin \u00een cei 300 de ani de investiga\u0163ii asupra sitului. Credin\u0163a cercet\u0103torilor din secolele al XVIII-lea \u015fi al XIX-lea a fost c\u0103 lucrarea reprezenta movila mortuar\u0103 a unui rege britanic antic. De fapt, localnicii sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 dealul este locul de odihn\u0103 al unui rege necunoscut Sil (sau Zel) ori c\u0103 ar con\u0163ine statuia \u00een m\u0103rime natural\u0103 a lui Sil st\u00e2nd pe un cal de aur.<\/p>\n

Silbury Hill, crea\u0163ia diavolului?<\/strong><\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 legend\u0103 sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 diavolul era gata s\u0103 arunce un \u015for\u0163 plin cu p\u0103m\u00e2nt asupra ora\u015fului \u00eenvecinat Marlborough, dar a fost obligat s\u0103-l arunce la Silbury prin magia preo\u0163ilor din Avebury, aflat \u00een vecin\u0103tate. De\u015fi folclorul con\u0163ine adesea o f\u0103r\u00e2m\u0103 de adev\u0103r, nicio r\u0103m\u0103\u015fi\u0163\u0103 uman\u0103 nu a fost vreodat\u0103 descoperit\u0103 \u00een urma s\u0103p\u0103turilor, de\u015fi, trebuie s\u0103 recunoa\u015ftem, nu \u00eentreaga structur\u0103 a fost investigat\u0103.<\/p>\n

O surs\u0103 de energie pentru navele extraterestre?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alte teorii sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 partea plat\u0103 a v\u00e2rfului de la Silbury a func\u0163ionat drept platform\u0103 pentru sacrificiile druizilor sau c\u0103 structura era un Templu al lui Mercur, un cadran solar uria\u015f, un observator astronomic, o reprezentare simbolic\u0103 a Zei\u0163ei Mam\u0103, o surs\u0103 de energie pentru navele spa\u0163iale extraterestre sau un centru pentru \u00eent\u00e2lniri \u015fi procese. De fapt, c\u00e2ndva aveau loc t\u00e2rguri \u00een v\u00e2rful Silbury Hill, dar asta se \u00eent\u00e2mpla \u00een secolul al XVIII-lea.<\/p>\n

Spirala pentru procesiunile ritualice<\/strong><\/p>\n

O tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 a masivei construc\u0163ii, care pare s\u0103 indice o func\u0163ie ritualic\u0103, o reprezint\u0103 o posibil\u0103 c\u0103rare spiralat\u0103 care duce spre v\u00e2rful construc\u0163iei. O nou\u0103 teorie (a c\u0103rei prob\u0103 a fost scoas\u0103 la iveal\u0103 de o evaluare seismic\u0103 tridimensional\u0103 din 2001) contrazice ipoteza lui Richard Atkinson referitoare la construirea \u00een straturi, suger\u00e2nd c\u0103 acestea ar putea fi o spiral\u0103. Aceast\u0103 spiral\u0103 ar fi avut un dublu scop: rut\u0103 de acces p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een v\u00e2rf, \u00een timpul construirii, \u015fi drum p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een v\u00e2rf pentru procesiunile ritualice. Aceast\u0103 idee s-ar potrivi cu r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea motivului spiralei \u00een arta neolitic\u0103, dup\u0103 cum se poate vedea, de exemplu, la templul\/morm\u00e2ntul de la Newgrange, din Irlanda.<\/p>\n

Faptul c\u0103 movila a avut o anumit\u0103 semnifica\u0163ie religioas\u0103 este confirmat de a\u015fezarea \u00een cadrul complexului de monumente rituale, funerare \u015fi ceremoniale din zona din jurul localit\u0103\u0163ii Avebury, care, la r\u00e2ndul ei, este situat\u0103 la doar 32 km nord de monumentul Stonehenge, oarecum contemporan. \u015ean\u0163ul uria\u015f care \u00eenconjoar\u0103 Silbury, probabil c\u00e2ndva umplut cu ap\u0103 \u00een mod inten\u0163ionat, poate reprezenta o nou\u0103 dovad\u0103 a func\u0163iei ritualice.<\/p>\n

De ce a fost amplasat monumentul \u00een vale?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Situl monumentului Silbury este, de asemenea, interesant. C\u00e2nd a fost construit ini\u0163ial, Silbury Hill era probabil o minunat\u0103 structur\u0103 alb\u0103 \u00eenconjurat\u0103 de un \u015fan\u0163 cu ap\u0103 str\u0103lucitoare. Cu toate acestea, \u00een loc s\u0103 amplaseze o asemenea structur\u0103 impresionant\u0103 pe un deal de unde putea fi v\u0103zut\u0103 pe o distan\u0163\u0103 de mul\u0163i kilometri de jur \u00eemprejur, constructorii au amplasat Silbury \u00eentr-o vale, astfel c\u0103 abia se ridic\u0103 deasupra orizontului \u015fi este aproape invizibil\u0103 dinspre monumentele aflate \u00een vecin\u0103tate. Poate acest lucru indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul pe care a fost ridicat\u0103 structura a fost la fel de important ca \u015fi cl\u0103direa \u00eens\u0103\u015fi, cu toate c\u0103 amplasarea sa la altitudine mic\u0103 \u00eei eviden\u0163iaz\u0103 dimensiunile uria\u015fe.<\/p>\n

Silbury Hill, un loc sacru<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen mod ciudat, Silbury Hill pare s\u0103-\u015fi fi men\u0163inut importan\u0163a ca loc sacru mult\u0103 vreme dup\u0103 ce a fost construit. S\u0103p\u0103turile au scos la iveal\u0103 multe elemente romane, printre care o platform\u0103 ritualic\u0103 ce str\u0103punge movila, peste 100 de monede romane \u00een \u015fan\u0163ul \u00eenconjur\u0103tor \u015fi multe pu\u0163uri \u015fi f\u00e2nt\u00e2ni romane. Pe dealul din preajm\u0103, Waden Hill, a fost descoperit\u0103 o a\u015fezare romano-britanic\u0103, ceea ce sugereaz\u0103 (\u00eempreun\u0103 cu descoperirile de la Silbury Hill) c\u0103 Silbury era \u00eenc\u0103 un loc sacru \u00een perioada roman\u0103.<\/p>\n

Atrac\u0163ia religioas\u0103 a Silbury pare s\u0103 fi continuat \u00een Evul Mediu, dup\u0103 cum o sugereaz\u0103 descoperirile: vase de lut, \u0163\u0103ru\u015fi de fier, un v\u00e2rf de suli\u0163\u0103 din fier \u015fi o moned\u0103 a regelui Ethelred al II-lea (dat\u00e2nd din anul 1010 d.Hr.).<\/p>\n

Orice ar fi, Silbury Hill \u00eei p\u0103streaz\u0103 fascina\u0163ia p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La mic\u0103 altitudine, \u00een valea Kennet din Wiltshire, \u00een sudul Angliei, se afl\u0103 misteriosul Silbury Hill, cel mai mare gorgan creat de om din Europa \u015fi unul dintre cele mai mari din lume. Este unul dintre siturile preistorice sacre care … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":64599,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1770],"tags":[120,9807,3984,105,1040,453,3408,3983,1995],"class_list":["post-17073","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geografie-feologie","tag-anglia","tag-geografie-geologie","tag-movila","tag-pamant","tag-piramida","tag-rege","tag-ritual","tag-silbury-hill","tag-tunel","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nSilbury Hill, marea piramid\u0103 a lui Keops din Anglia - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/silbury-hill-marea-piramida-a-lui-keops-din-anglia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Silbury Hill, marea piramid\u0103 a lui Keops din Anglia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La mic\u0103 altitudine, \u00een valea Kennet din Wiltshire, \u00een sudul Angliei, se afl\u0103 misteriosul Silbury Hill, cel mai mare gorgan creat de om din Europa \u015fi unul dintre cele mai mari din lume. 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