{"id":16573,"date":"2011-01-19T22:51:27","date_gmt":"2011-01-19T20:51:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=16573"},"modified":"2011-01-22T20:46:42","modified_gmt":"2011-01-22T18:46:42","slug":"enigma-planetei-marte-cum-de-a-existat-apa-pe-aceasta-planeta-inghetata","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigma-planetei-marte-cum-de-a-existat-apa-pe-aceasta-planeta-inghetata\/","title":{"rendered":"Enigma planetei Marte\u2026cum de-a existat ap\u0103 pe aceast\u0103 planet\u0103 \u00eenghe\u0163at\u0103?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Marte, o planet\u0103 vecin\u0103 nou\u0103, dar care a fascinat min\u0163ile oamenilor de-a lungul timpului. NASA american\u0103 \u00eencearc\u0103 de decenii s\u0103 ob\u0163in\u0103 date despre Marte cu ajutorul sondelor f\u0103r\u0103 echipaj uman trimise acolo; a g\u0103sit unele lucruri care nu au putut fi \u00eenc\u0103 suficient explicate.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2teva date despre planeta Marte<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cu cei 6790 kilometri, Marte are un ecuator pe jum\u0103tate ca al P\u0103m\u00e2ntului, deci este mult mai mic\u0103. \u00cen compara\u0163ie cu P\u0103m\u00e2ntul, are \u015fi o traiectorie mai eliptic\u0103 cu cea mai mic\u0103 distan\u0163\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de Soare de 206 milioane kilometri \u015fi cea mai \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103 de 249 milioane kilometri. Pe Marte anul are 687 de zile, deci este mult mai mare fa\u0163\u0103 de cel p\u0103m\u00e2ntesc, ziua pe Marte, de 24,6 ore, este aproape la fel de lung\u0103 ca cea p\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103.<\/p>\n

A fost vreodat\u0103 Marte locuit\u0103?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere apropierea de planeta noastr\u0103, ea a fost mereu obiectul preferat de cercetare al oamenilor de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 \u015fi al celor pasiona\u0163i de astronomie. Av\u00e2nd o atmosfer\u0103 rarefiat\u0103, suprafa\u0163a planetei poate fi observat\u0103 cu luneta; a\u015fa s-a constatat c\u0103 are un fel de structuri asemeni unor canale. Unii au dedus de aici c\u0103 Marte ar fi locuit. \u015etim ast\u0103zi c\u0103 nu exist\u0103 acolo oameni sau animale – problema este dac\u0103 s-ar g\u0103si urme de via\u0163\u0103 – sub orice form\u0103 ar fi ele. P\u00e2n\u0103 acum nu s-a putut da un r\u0103spuns clar.<\/p>\n

Enigmele reliefului mar\u0163ian<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen multe privin\u0163e, Marte este o enigm\u0103. Cele dou\u0103 treimi sudice ale sale sunt deluroase, speciali\u015ftii presupun, baz\u00e2ndu-se pe mul\u0163imea de cratere, c\u0103 ar fi luat na\u015ftere abia \u00een prima p\u0103trime a istoriei sistemului nostru solar. Treimea nordic\u0103 este cu vreo doi kilometri mai joas\u0103, acolo sunt c\u00e2mpii \u015fi numai pu\u0163ine cratere. Acesta ar p\u0103rea s\u0103 fie un indiciu c\u0103 regiunea nordic\u0103 de c\u00e2mpie ar fi de dat\u0103 mai recent\u0103, dec\u00e2t regiunile cu cratere din sud. \u015etiin\u0163a nu cunoa\u015fte motivul exact al \u00eenclin\u0103rii p\u0103r\u0163ii nordice a planetei, nici momentul c\u00e2nd s-a produs.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/strong>
Valles Marineris<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Enigma lui Valles Marineris…apa a s\u0103pat prin canale?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acolo, \u00een partea nordic\u0103 unde \u0163inuturile \u00eenalte se afl\u0103 al\u0103turi de cele joase, exist\u0103 o regiune – Tharsis – unde se afl\u0103 cei mai mari vulcani din sistemul solar. Se g\u0103sesc caracteristici tectonice cum ar fi cratere, sisteme de rupturi, v\u0103i lungi \u015fi drepte, despre care se crede c\u0103 s-au format c\u00e2nd crusta planetei se afla sub o presiune at\u00e2t de puternic\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t \u00een acele locuri a cr\u0103pat. Cea mai mare ad\u00e2ncitur\u0103 se nume\u015fte Valles Marineris \u015fi are o lungime de peste 4000 de kilometri. Matt Golombek, colaborator al NASA la misiunea Pathfinder, scrie:<\/p>\n

\u201eValles Marineris se sf\u00e2r\u015fe\u015fte la est cu o serie de v\u0103i de necuprins cu privirea. Ele sunt p\u0103r\u0163ile superioare ale unei \u00eencreng\u0103turi de brazde, ap\u0103rute \u00een urma unor inunda\u0163ii catastrofale, acum ele trec \u015fi \u00een partea nordic\u0103, locul se nume\u015fte Chryse Planitia. Aceste canale, urme ale inunda\u0163iilor, sunt rezultatul unor catastrofe uria\u015fe: imense cantit\u0103\u0163i de ap\u0103 (sute de kilometri cubi) au invadat suprafa\u0163a \u015fi au s\u0103pat \u00een decurs de c\u00e2teva s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni aceste canale. […] \u00cen Ares Vallis, unde a aterizat Pathfinder, oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 cred c\u0103 ar fi fost ca \u015fi cum \u00eentreaga cantitate de ap\u0103 a Marilor Lacuri din SUA \u00een decurs de dou\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni s-ar fi scurs spre golful Mexic. Urma l\u0103sat\u0103 de ap\u0103 ar fi mai ad\u00e2nc\u0103 de 1,6 kilometri \u015fi de c\u00e2\u0163iva kilometri lungime.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Pe Marte s-a aflat demult cantit\u0103\u0163i uria\u015fe de ap\u0103?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Deci, ast\u0103zi, oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 cred c\u0103 \u00eentr-un anumit moment pe Marte s-ar fi aflat imense cantit\u0103\u0163i de ap\u0103, care au s\u0103pat acele canale \u00een urma unei rev\u0103rs\u0103ri catastrofale. Dar unde a disp\u0103rut apa \u015fi unde este ea ast\u0103zi? Marte se afl\u0103 la o distan\u0163\u0103 de Soare \u00een care nu ar putea exista ap\u0103 sub form\u0103 lichid\u0103. Oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 b\u0103nuiesc c\u0103 ast\u0103zi apa este sub form\u0103 de ghea\u0163\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu dioxid de carbon \u00eenghe\u0163at, respectiv calota de ghea\u0163\u0103 de la polul nordic \u015fi una mai mic\u0103 la polul sudic. M\u0103sur\u0103torile spectroscopice au confirmat c\u0103 cel pu\u0163in calota nordic\u0103 const\u0103 par\u0163ial din ap\u0103 \u00eenghe\u0163at\u0103. \u015ei \u00een atmosfera Marte s-au g\u0103sit urme de vapori de ap\u0103. Exist\u0103 cel pu\u0163in posibilitatea c\u0103 ace\u015fti \u201evapori de ap\u0103 din atmosfer\u0103” s-au dezintegrat \u015fi s-au pierdut \u00een spa\u0163iul cosmic purta\u0163i de v\u00e2ntul solar.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 toate aparen\u0163ele, \u00een regiunea Tharsis apa a ie\u015fit din sol \u015fi s-a scurs spre c\u00e2mpiile din nord, dep\u0103\u015find o diferen\u0163\u0103 de nivel de circa patru kilometri. Nu se \u015ftie \u00eens\u0103 cum s-a petrecut aceasta. Unii cercet\u0103tori opineaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u015fesul din nord ar fi fost transformat \u00eentr-un ocean, al\u0163ii \u00een schimb sus\u0163in c\u0103 apa pur \u015fi simplu s-a scurs prin canalele nordice \u015fi apoi a \u00eenghe\u0163at. Dup\u0103 aceea ar fi ajuns \u00een suprafa\u0163a planetei \u00eempreun\u0103 cu sedimentele \u015fi cu atotprezentul praf ro\u015fu de pe planet\u0103, unde s-ar putea g\u0103si \u015fi ast\u0103zi .<\/p>\n

Pe Marte, odat\u0103, clima a fost mult mai umed\u0103 \u015fi mai cald\u0103?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Teoria unor inunda\u0163ii catastrofale presupune \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 alt\u0103dat\u0103 clima pe Marte s\u0103 fi fost mult mai umed\u0103 \u015fi mult mai cald\u0103 \u00een compara\u0163ie cu cea de ast\u0103zi. Dac\u0103 consider\u0103m just\u0103 aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103, se na\u015fte imediat \u00eentrebarea cum s-ar fi putut petrece a\u015fa ceva pe Marte, aflat la o asemenea distan\u0163\u0103 de Soare, deoarece nu a fost semnalat\u0103 niciodat\u0103 ap\u0103 sub form\u0103 lichid\u0103 pe suprafa\u0163a planetei Marte. Cu toate acestea urmele geologice indic\u0103 eroziune produs\u0103 de ape \u00eentr-un interval foarte scurt. Cum se potrivesc toate acestea unele cu altele?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Pe Marte avem o clim\u0103 cu adev\u0103rat polar\u0103…a\u015fa c\u0103 de unde au ap\u0103rut inunda\u0163iile pe Marte?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Actualele temperaturi de pe Marte nu permit existen\u0163a de durat\u0103 a apei sub form\u0103 lichid\u0103. Paul Raebum, redactor \u015fef la rubrica \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 a „Business Week”<\/em>, scrie: \u201eCea mai ridicat\u0103 temperatur\u0103 pe Marte este de 18 grade Celsius, dar ea scade brusc la numai c\u00e2\u0163iva centimetri de sol. La un metru \u015fi jum\u0103tate deasupra solului temperatura maxim\u0103 pe timpul zilei este de numai minus 10 grade Celsius. Noaptea, temperaturile scad p\u00e2n\u0103 la minus 90 de grade Celsius la sol \u015fi minus 76 grade Celsius la un metru \u015fi jum\u0103tate \u00een\u0103l\u0163ime.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Este sigur c\u0103 \u00een asemenea condi\u0163ii nu pot avea loc inunda\u0163ii catastrofale. Pentru aceasta este nevoie de valori termice mult mai ridicate \u015fi care s\u0103 fie de durat\u0103. Ar fi, oare, posibil ca marii vulcani de pe Marte s\u0103 fi fost, prin erup\u0163ii, cauza temperaturilor ridicate din acele perioade? Vulcanii de pe Marte sunt f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 mai mari dec\u00e2t cei de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt. Nu s-a g\u0103sit r\u0103spuns la \u00eentrebarea dac\u0103 energia lor ar fi fost suficient\u0103 pentru a cre\u015fte \u00eentr-un anumit interval temperatura at\u00e2t de mult ca apa s\u0103 se men\u0163in\u0103 sub form\u0103 lichid\u0103.<\/p>\n

Natura fizic\u0103 a apei<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mai exist\u0103 o problem\u0103 legat\u0103 de apa de pe Marte. Este de natur\u0103 fizic\u0103 \u015fi depinde de no\u0163iunea de \u201epunct triplu”. Decisive pentru faza \u00een care poate lua na\u015ftere o substan\u0163\u0103 – fie solid\u0103, fie lichid\u0103 sau sub form\u0103 de gaz – sunt condi\u0163iile de temperatur\u0103 \u015fi presiune din mediul \u00eenconjur\u0103tor. Acest punct triplu este acel punct \u00een care pot coexista toate cele trei faze ale respectivei substan\u0163e. Pentru ap\u0103 acest punct este de 273,16 K2<\/sup> \u015fi 611 Pa3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 aceasta pentru Marte \u015fi apa de acolo? 611 Pa corespund cu 6,11 milibari, presiunea medie pe Marte este de 7-9 milibari, deci aproape de limita la care apa ar mai putea exista sub form\u0103 lichid\u0103. 273,16 K corespund cu circa 0 grade Celsius, iar temperaturile medii pe Marte sunt mult inferioare noaptea, chiar dac\u0103 ziua pot atinge p\u00e2n\u0103 la 18 grade Celsius. Vedem aici c\u0103 probabilitatea ca pe Marte s\u0103 se g\u0103seasc\u0103 ap\u0103 sub form\u0103 lichid\u0103 \u00een condi\u0163iile de acolo este deosebit de mic\u0103.<\/p>\n

E posibil ca Marte s\u0103 se fi aflat \u00een trecut pe traiectoria P\u0103m\u00e2ntului?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cum s\u0103 devin\u0103 plauzibile descoperirile stranii, pentru care oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 nu g\u0103sesc explica\u0163ii? Ar fi posibil ca vreodat\u0103, \u00een timpuri str\u0103vechi, planeta Marte s\u0103 se fi aflat fa\u0163\u0103 de Soare \u00eentr-o pozi\u0163ie, ca pe ea s\u0103 fie condi\u0163ii similare cu cele de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt? La prima vedere ea este respins\u0103 de lumea \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103. Condi\u0163ii similare cu cele de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt se g\u0103sesc numai pe traiectoria terestr\u0103, pe care se deplaseaz\u0103 numai P\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Marte nu mai are loc pe ea. \u015ei bunul nostru P\u0103m\u00e2nt str\u0103vechi ar fi trebuit s\u0103 fi avut alt\u0103 pozi\u0163ie, dac\u0103 Marte se va fi putut afla \u00een locul s\u0103u.<\/p>\n

Ar fi posibil un asemenea scenariu? Pentru \u00eenceput nu. Dar nu imposibil. Teoria ca Marte s-ar fi aflat pe o traiectorie similar\u0103 cu cea a P\u0103m\u00e2ntului fa\u0163\u0103 de Soare ar explica imediat aceste urme de eroziune l\u0103sate de ap\u0103. \u00centr-o pozi\u0163ie similar\u0103 cu cea a P\u0103m\u00e2ntului ar fi fost posibil ca Marte s\u0103 dispun\u0103 de rezerve mari de ap\u0103, s\u0103 fi avut o clim\u0103 cald\u0103 \u015fi umed\u0103, o atmosfer\u0103 mai dens\u0103 dec\u00e2t ast\u0103zi. Prin aceast\u0103 prism\u0103, P\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u015fi Marte ar fi planete similare.<\/p>\n

Ce se va fi \u00eent\u00e2mplat c\u00e2nd Marte a ie\u015fit brusc de pe traiectoria similar\u0103 cu cea a P\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u015fi a ajuns pe cea pe care evolueaz\u0103 \u015fi ast\u0103zi? Pentru un asemenea proces au fost nevoie de energii foarte mari, c\u0103 pe Marte s-ar fi produs fenomene cataclismice \u015fi erup\u0163ii vulcanice, inunda\u0163ii catastrofale. Urmele g\u0103site acum de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 ar putea fi, deci, dovezile acestor catastrofe din trecut. \u015ei intervalul scurt de formare a craterelor din Vallis Marineris ar putea fi explicat dac\u0103 am porni de la teza c\u0103 Marte a fost desprins de pe orbita lui similar\u0103 cu cea a P\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u00een momentul producerii cataclismelor. Cu timpul \u015fi pe noua traiectorie, apa a \u00eenghe\u0163at sau s-a pierdut \u00een atmosfer\u0103 sub form\u0103 de vapori, a\u015fa cum o atest\u0103 descoperirile f\u0103cute.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Marte, o planet\u0103 vecin\u0103 nou\u0103, dar care a fascinat min\u0163ile oamenilor de-a lungul timpului. NASA american\u0103 \u00eencearc\u0103 de decenii s\u0103 ob\u0163in\u0103 date despre Marte cu ajutorul sondelor f\u0103r\u0103 echipaj uman trimise acolo; a g\u0103sit unele lucruri care nu au putut … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16574,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[601,102,156,105,3287,865,9803,2358],"class_list":["post-16573","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-stiinta","tag-apa","tag-astronomie","tag-marte","tag-pamant","tag-sistemul-solar","tag-soare","tag-stiinta","tag-temperatura","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nEnigma planetei Marte\u2026cum de-a existat ap\u0103 pe aceast\u0103 planet\u0103 \u00eenghe\u0163at\u0103? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigma-planetei-marte-cum-de-a-existat-apa-pe-aceasta-planeta-inghetata\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Enigma planetei Marte\u2026cum de-a existat ap\u0103 pe aceast\u0103 planet\u0103 \u00eenghe\u0163at\u0103?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Marte, o planet\u0103 vecin\u0103 nou\u0103, dar care a fascinat min\u0163ile oamenilor de-a lungul timpului. 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