{"id":1657,"date":"2008-11-23T10:06:57","date_gmt":"2008-11-23T06:06:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=1657"},"modified":"2008-12-04T10:36:16","modified_gmt":"2008-12-04T06:36:16","slug":"sunt-adevarate-creaturile-gigantice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/sunt-adevarate-creaturile-gigantice\/","title":{"rendered":"Sunt adev\u0103rate creaturile gigantice?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"creatura-gigantica\"<\/a>M\u0103rturii despre existen\u0163a lui Yeti, a crocodililor din Rusia sau a caracati\u0163elor uria\u015fe dau de lucru criptozoologilor din \u00eentreaga lume. \u00cen mod incredibil, \u00een ultimul secol, au fost descoperite, vii \u015fi nev\u0103t\u0103mate, viet\u0103\u0163i care se presupunea c\u0103 au disp\u0103rut cu mii de ani \u00een urm\u0103.<\/p>\n

P\u0103rintele criptozoologiei a fost Dr. Bernard Heuvelmans, care a \u015fi propus termenul, \u00een 1955, odat\u0103 cu publicarea c\u0103r\u0163ii sale \u201ePe urmele animalelor necunoscute\u201c. <\/strong><\/em>Cum cei interesa\u0163i de teoriile sale au fost numero\u015fi, din 1982, Heuvelmans a \u00eenceput s\u0103 editeze revista \u201eCriptozoologia\u201c, definind termenul c\u0103 \u015ftiin\u0163a ce se ocup\u0103 cu studiul animalelor ce nu sunt recunoscute oficial de speciali\u015ftii \u00een zoologie, dar acceptate \u00eentr-o oarecare m\u0103sur\u0103, datorit\u0103 numeroaselor m\u0103rturii ale celor care au \u00eent\u00e2lnit astfel de creaturi. Termenul deriv\u0103 din cuv\u00e2ntul grecesc kryptos, care \u00eenseamn\u0103 necunoscut, secret, enigmatic, misterios.<\/p>\n

De-a lungul secolelor, numeroase specii de animale au disp\u0103rut, ca rezultat al dezechilibrului ecologic creat de dezvoltarea societ\u0103\u0163ii omene\u015fti sau al \u00eencerc\u0103rilor directe de exterminare a speciilor-problema. Un exemplu \u00een acest sens \u00eel constituie lupul marsupial sau tigrul tasmanian (Thylacinus cynocephalus). La \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea, acest marsupial carnivor ce tr\u0103ia \u00een Australia a fost v\u00e2nat p\u00e2n\u0103 la dispari\u0163ie. Ultimul exemplar cunoscut a murit \u00een captivitate, \u00een 1936, \u00een Gr\u0103dina Zoologic\u0103 din Hobart, Australia. Numeroasele m\u0103rturii ale apari\u0163iei sale, \u00eenregistrate chiar \u015fi \u00een prezent, arata \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 ar mai putea exist\u0103 c\u00e2teva exemplare ce tr\u0103iesc \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een s\u0103lb\u0103ticie.<\/p>\n

Criptozoologia vine \u015fi \u00een sprijinul ideii c\u0103 multe dintre aceste animale misterioase sunt de fapt supravie\u0163uitori din timpuri str\u0103vechi. De exemplu, timp de sute de ani au existat relat\u0103ri despre dinozauri care au supravie\u0163uit \u00een junglele Africii Centrale. Cea mai timpurie m\u0103rturie scris\u0103 o g\u0103sim \u00eentr-o carte din 1776, \u00een care Abbe Proyhart sus\u0163ine c\u0103 a v\u0103zut urmele gigantice ale unui animal cu gheare \u00een vestul Africii Centrale. Conform aceleia\u015fi idei, mon\u015ftrii marini ar fi de fapt plesiozauri (reptile acvatice preistorice), iar Yeti – Gigantopitecus blacki, o maimu\u0163\u0103 antropoid\u0103 care se presupune c\u0103 a disp\u0103rut acum c\u00e2teva sute de mii de ani.<\/p>\n

Anticele \u015fop\u00e2rle uria\u015fe se poate s\u0103 fi existat \u00een Rusia p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een urm\u0103 cu c\u00e2teva secole. O fiin\u0163\u0103 enigmatic\u0103 (sem\u0103n\u00e2nd dup\u0103 unii cu un crocodil, dup\u0103 al\u0163ii cu un dinozaur) a ap\u0103rut \u00een ora\u015ful Arzamas la \u00eenceputul secolului al XVIII-lea. Autorit\u0103\u0163ile au conservat monstrul \u00eentr-un vas umplut cu \u201evin tare\u201c (o alt\u0103 denumire pentru vodka) \u015fi l-au trimis la Sankt-Petersburg pentru studiu. B\u0103rba\u0163ii care \u00eenso\u0163eau \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tura c\u0103tre ora\u015f se pare c\u0103 au b\u0103ut alcoolul din vas, iar \u015fop\u00e2rla-relicv\u0103, probabil ultima din specia sa, a fost folosit\u0103 pe post de gustare. Stema ora\u015fului Moscova, pe care este zugr\u0103vit Sf\u00e2ntul Gheorghe Purt\u0103torul de Biruin\u0163a str\u0103pung\u00e2nd cu o suli\u0163\u0103 un \u015farpe, este \u015fi ea un izvor pentru criptozoologi. Sunt pu\u0163ini cei care \u015ftiu c\u0103 ace\u015fti sarpi au fost fiin\u0163e reale ce populau la un moment dat p\u0103durile din Rusia. Cu ei se luptau voinicii din pove\u015ftile \u015fi legendele ruse\u015fti. Se pare c\u0103 s\u0103biile vechilor cavaleri au pecetluit dispari\u0163ia de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt a acestor \u015fop\u00e2rle preistorice.<\/p>\n

Crocodilii din Novgorod<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\"crocodil-gigant\"<\/a>Nu numai legendele \u015fi pove\u015ftile amintesc de mon\u015ftrii enigmatici. Exist\u0103 \u015fi alte izvoare care amintesc f\u0103pturile de-a dreptul extraordinare. Cine deschide al 30-lea volum al \u201eCulegerii de letopise\u0163e ruse\u015fti\u201c<\/strong>, va g\u0103si o noti\u0163\u0103 uimitoare, dat\u00e2nd din anul 1582: \u201e\u00cen acea var\u0103 au ie\u015fit crocodilii din r\u0103u \u015fi i-au speriat pe oameni. Ace\u015ftia s-au rugat lui Dumnezeu s\u0103 \u00eei scape de necaz. Unii au reu\u015fit s\u0103 se ascund\u0103, dar al\u0163ii au fost omor\u00e2\u0163i de mon\u015ftri\u201c.<\/em> Ce sunt ace\u015fti crocodili care au ie\u015fit din r\u0103u \u015fi s-au n\u0103pustit asupra oamenilor? Acest fapt s-a petrecut nu \u00een \u00eendep\u0103rtata Africa, ci \u00een apropierea ora\u015fului Novgorod. Se poate c\u0103 letopise\u0163ul s\u0103 fi exagerat \u00eentr-o oarecare m\u0103sur\u0103? Noti\u0163ele unui agent al unei companii comerciale engleze\u015fti pe nume Jerome Garcey vin \u00eens\u0103 \u00een sprijinul ciudatei m\u0103rturii.<\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 1589, britanicul a c\u0103l\u0103torit de mai multe ori \u00een Rusia. Pe drumul spre est, \u00een Polonia, a fost martorul unui fapt nemaiv\u0103zut. \u00cen jurnalul s\u0103u s-a p\u0103strat urm\u0103toarea noti\u0163a: \u201eAm plecat din Var\u015fovia seara, am traversat un r\u0103u, pe malul c\u0103ruia se g\u0103sea un crocodil veninos, mort. Oamenii din anturajul meu i-au str\u0103puns stomacul cu suli\u0163ele. Ca urmare a acestui fapt, s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit un asemenea miros, \u00eenc\u00e2t am fost otr\u0103vit \u015fi am r\u0103mas internat \u00eentr-un spital din satul apropiat, unde am g\u0103sit compasiune \u015fi ajutor cre\u015ftin, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t mi-am revenit destul de repede\u201c.
\n<\/em>
\nM\u0103rturie austriac\u0103 despre \u015fop\u00e2rle stranii<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u015eop\u00e2rlele stranii, necaracteristice pentru fauna ruseasc\u0103, se \u00eent\u00e2lnesc \u015fi \u00een amintirile solului austriac \u00een Rusia, Sigismund Gerbershtein, care a c\u0103l\u0103torit \u00een aceste locuri \u00een anii 1517 \u015fi 1526. Iat\u0103 cuvintele sale: \u201eAceast\u0103 regiune este foarte bogat\u0103 \u00een p\u0103duri \u00een care se pot observa fenomene \u00eengrozitoare. Aici, \u015fi \u00een zilele noastre mai tr\u0103iesc foarte multe persoane care se \u00eenchin\u0103 idolilor \u015fi care se hr\u0103nesc cu un fel de \u015ferpi care au patru picioare scurte, seam\u0103n\u0103 cu \u015fop\u00e2rlele \u015fi au un corp negru \u015fi gras\u2026\u201c. <\/em><\/p>\n

Mon\u015ftrii care beau s\u00e2nge<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\"varan\"<\/a>Chiar dac\u0103 relat\u0103rile dau de g\u00e2ndit mul\u0163i privesc aceste izvoare cu ne\u00eencredere. Astfel au judecat la un moment dat cercet\u0103torii \u015fi povestea unui pilot care a suferit o avarie a aparatului s\u0103u pe insula Komodo din arhipelagul Jawa. Accidentul pilotului se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een anul 1912. \u00centorc\u00e2ndu-se din c\u0103l\u0103torie, el a \u00eenceput s\u0103 povesteasc\u0103 lucruri incredibile despre mon\u015ftrii care beau s\u00e2nge. Abia \u00een vara anului 1926, pe insul\u0103 a sosit o expedi\u0163ie de zoologi care au studiat relicvele gigantice ale \u015fop\u00e2rlelor, denumite de ei dragonii de pe insula Komodo. Aceste animale preistorice al c\u0103ror num\u0103r nu era mai mare de 1.000 atingeau lungimea de 4,5 metri \u015fi c\u00e2nt\u0103reau aproximativ 170 de kilograme. Varanii gigantici erau destul de agresivi, atac\u00e2nd f\u0103r\u0103 ezitare animale impun\u0103toare. Un v\u00e2n\u0103tor german, vestit la acea vreme, a murit \u00een expedi\u0163ia din Komodo, \u00een circumstan\u0163e r\u0103mase neclarificate. El a plecat s\u0103 fotografieze un grup de varani \u015fi nu s-a mai \u00eentors. Pe malul unei mla\u015ftini au fost g\u0103site doar ghetele sale \u015fi camera de fotografiat distrus\u0103.<\/p>\n

Melc de o jum\u0103tate de kilogram <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Din documentele oficiale rezult\u0103 c\u0103, \u00een prezent, comunitatea interna\u0163ional\u0103 a criptozoologilor une\u015fte aproximativ 50 de cercet\u0103tori din 20 de \u0163\u0103ri. Baz\u00e2ndu-se pe legende \u015fi mituri, ei se ocup\u0103 cu c\u0103utarea unor animale enigmatice \u015fi cu studierea unor fenomene ne\u00een\u0163elese din natur\u0103 vie. Pentru ei, aceasta nu este o fug\u0103 dup\u0103 senza\u0163ional, ci o activitate \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 serioas\u0103. Drumul a fost pres\u0103rat cu multe nereu\u015fite, dar \u015fi cu destule victorii. Una dintre ele este faimoasa poveste a unui melc care c\u00e2nt\u0103rea o jum\u0103tate de kilogram. Cercet\u0103torii au aflat despre el din povestirile negrilor din Africa Central\u0103, unde au g\u0103sit \u015fi c\u00e2teva cochilii gigantice. Un exemplar viu a fost descoperit cu totul \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor printre ni\u015fte bu\u015fteni transporta\u0163i la Marsilia. Melcul uria\u015f a fost plimbat triumfal prin Paris, Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, Berlin sau Londra. Printre coralii din marele recif din Australia criptozoologii au prins nu demult opt tipuri noi de pe\u015fti exotici, despre existen\u0163a c\u0103rora nu \u015ftia nimeni nimic.<\/p>\n

Caracati\u0163a uria\u015f\u0103<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cen nisipurile din Arabia a fost prins\u0103 o \u015fop\u00e2rl\u0103 de 120 de centimetri, str\u0103mo\u015ful varanului asiatic. Men\u0163ionat\u0103 \u00een cele mai vechi legende arabe, aceasta \u015fop\u00e2rl\u0103 a fost c\u0103utat\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eencetare 25 de ani. Molusca gigantic\u0103 este invocat\u0103 ori de c\u00e2te ori cineva sus\u0163ine inutilitatea criptozoologiei. Aceste animale stranii ce b\u00e2ntuie ad\u00e2ncurile oceanelor pot atinge m\u0103rimi impresionante. Estim\u0103rile recente arata ca o caracati\u0163\u0103 uria\u015f\u0103 poate atinge 20-22 de metri. De\u015fi nici un specimen adult nu a fost v\u0103zut \u00een viata cercet\u0103torii, care cu ceva timp \u00eenainte luau \u00een r\u00e2s m\u0103rturiile celor ce \u00eent\u00e2lniser\u0103 astfel de mon\u015ftri, au capturat c\u00e2teva exemplare tinere \u00een apropiere de Noua Zeeland\u0103. Planurile oamenilor de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 includ introducerea unor astfel de exemplare tinere \u00een acvarii uria\u015fe \u015fi studierea procesului lor de cre\u015ftere.<\/p>\n

Recent au fost g\u0103site dovezi ale existen\u0163ei unei specii chiar mai impresionante dec\u00e2t caracati\u0163a gigant. Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni a fost descris\u0103 \u00een detaliu datorit\u0103 descoperirii de ultim\u0103 or\u0103 a unui specimen cu adev\u0103rat uria\u015f. Cercet\u0103torii au reu\u015fit s\u0103 stabileasc\u0103 deocamdat\u0103 ca aceast\u0103 nou\u0103 specie de caracati\u0163a tr\u0103ie\u015fte \u00een apele antarctice \u015fi c\u0103 poate ajunge la m\u0103rimi cu adev\u0103rat impresionante, cu mult mai mari dec\u00e2t caracati\u0163a gigant.<\/p>\n

Animale iluzorii<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cent\u00e2lniri cu hominizi p\u0103ro\u015fi precum Yeti, Sasquatch sau Nguoi Rung sunt men\u0163ionate \u00eenc\u0103 din antichitate. Cea mai cunoscut\u0103 dovad\u0103 a existen\u0163ei acestei f\u0103pturi estre faimosul film al lui Roger Patterson, ce dateaz\u0103 din 1967. Ipotezele vorbesc de \u00eent\u00e2lniri cu specii disp\u0103rute de maimu\u0163e antropoide. Se presupune c\u0103 un asemenea animal ar putea fi Gigantopithecus blacki, o maimu\u0163\u0103 antropoid\u0103 care se presupune c\u0103 a disp\u0103rut acum c\u00e2teva sute de mii de ani. Povestea descoperirii gorilei de munte demonstreaz\u0103 c\u0103 o asemenea specie poate r\u0103m\u00e2ne nedetectata decenii bune \u015fi c\u0103 legendele populare despre astfel de creaturi pot avea o baz\u0103 real\u0103. Acela\u015fi lucru este valabil \u015fi \u00een cazul ursului Panda uria\u015f. A fost nevoie de 67 de ani din momentul \u00een care vesticii au \u201edescoperit\u201c acest animal p\u00e2n\u0103 la capturarea unui exemplar. \u00cen aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, 12 expedi\u0163ii preg\u0103tite temeinic nu au reu\u015fit s\u0103 ob\u0163in\u0103 nici m\u0103car o fotografie a unui exemplar. A fost nevoie de peste 20 de ani pentru a captura un specimen de papagal din Congo. P\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, acesta era cunoscut de cercet\u0103tori doar din m\u0103rturiilor \u015fi descrierii localnicilor.<\/p>\n

Explica\u0163ii pentru mon\u015ftri marini<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Un alt tip de animale care au n\u0103scut numeroase controverse sunt a\u015fa zi\u015fii mon\u015ftri marini. Cel mai faimos astfel de exemplar se presupune c\u0103 se afla \u00een lacul Loch Ness din Sco\u0163ia. Multe dintre m\u0103rturiile existente se pot explica \u00een parte prin unele fenomene climaterice mai pu\u0163in cunoscute ce determina o form\u0103 stranie a valurilor. O alt\u0103 explica\u0163ie, valabil\u0103 pentru lacurile care au leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu marea, ar fi apari\u0163ia unui sturion. \u00cenf\u0103\u0163i\u015farea acestuia ar \u00eenfl\u0103c\u0103ra cu siguran\u0163\u0103 imagina\u0163ia multora. Astfel, \u00een loc de solzi, sturionul de Atlantic (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) este acoperit cu cinci r\u00e2nduri de pl\u0103ci osoase. Sturionii mai mici pot \u00eenota prin r\u00e2uri p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een lacurile ce au leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu oceanul, a\u015fa cum ar fi Lacul Champlain din Vermont, SUA. Odat\u0103 ajuns acolo, sturionul poate cre\u015fte la dimensiuni impresionante. Astfel, sturionul de Atlantic ajunge la peste 5 metri lungime \u015fi poate c\u00e2nt\u0103ri peste 400 de kilograme. \u00cen 1951, un pescar declar\u0103 sus \u015fi tare c\u0103 a v\u0103zut un monstru \u00een Lacul Champlain. A tras c\u00e2teva gloan\u0163e \u00een dreptul straniului animal, iar acesta a disp\u0103rut. C\u00e2teva zile mai t\u00e2rziu, corpul unui sturion uria\u015f ce purta urma unui glonte a fost adus de valuri la mal. Cel mai mare sturion m\u0103surat vreodat\u0103 este \u00eens\u0103 un specimen de Acipenser huso, prins \u00een r\u00e2ul Volga, \u00een 1827. Pe\u015ftele m\u0103sura 8 metri \u015fi avea o greutate de 1.470 de kilograme.<\/p>\n

Surprize de propor\u0163ii: pe\u015fti primitivi disp\u0103ru\u0163i de 80 de milioane de ani<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e2teodat\u0103, animale ce se presupune c\u0103 au disp\u0103rut demult se dovedesc \u00een via\u0163\u0103. Coelacanth-ul (un pe\u015fte primitiv) este cel mai bun exemplu. \u00cen 1938, un coelacanth a fost prins de pescarii de pe vasul Nerine, aproape de gurile raului Chalumna din Africa de Sud. Pe\u015ftele m\u0103sur\u0103 aproximativ 2 metri \u015fi c\u00e2nt\u0103rea peste 60 de kilograme. Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, de la Muzeul din Londra, nu l-a putut identifica, a\u015fa c\u0103 i-a trimis un desen profesorului J.L.B. Smith de la Universitatea Rhodes din Africa de Sud. Abia acesta a stabilit c\u0103 este un coelacanth. \u00cenainte de aceast\u0103 descoperire uimitoare, cercet\u0103torii considerau specia disp\u0103rut\u0103 cu peste 80 de milioane de ani \u00een urm\u0103. Urm\u0103torul specimen a fost prins abia \u00een 1952. De atunci, peste 200 de astfel de pe\u015fti au fost captura\u0163i \u00een jurul Insulelor Comoro. Un alt exemplu recent este cel al \u015fop\u00e2rlei Gallotia gomerana din Insulele Canare. \u00cen iunie 1999, cercet\u0103torii spanioli au dat de \u015ftire c\u0103 au g\u0103sit 6 exemplare din aceast\u0103 specie \u00een insula La Gomera. Gallotia gomerana, \u015fop\u00e2rla de peste jum\u0103tate de metru lungime, era considerat\u0103 disp\u0103rut\u0103 de aproximativ 500 de ani. \u00cen 1997 a fost descoperit un \u015foarece de copac uria\u015f \u00een Mun\u0163ii Vilcabamba din Peru. Autorul descoperirii, Louise Emmons de la Institutul Smithsonian, a numit animalul Cuscomys ashaninka, dup\u0103 ora\u015ful Cuzco l\u00e2ng\u0103 care a fost g\u0103sit \u015fi numele b\u0103\u015ftina\u015filor locului, Ashaninka.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u0103rturii despre existen\u0163a lui Yeti, a crocodililor din Rusia sau a caracati\u0163elor uria\u015fe dau de lucru criptozoologilor din \u00eentreaga lume. \u00cen mod incredibil, \u00een ultimul secol, au fost descoperite, vii \u015fi nev\u0103t\u0103mate, viet\u0103\u0163i care se presupunea c\u0103 au disp\u0103rut cu … <\/p>\n

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