{"id":16347,"date":"2011-01-04T19:32:36","date_gmt":"2011-01-04T17:32:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=16347"},"modified":"2011-01-06T19:34:20","modified_gmt":"2011-01-06T17:34:20","slug":"ioan-philoponus-marele-filozof-care-a-aratat-ca-din-crestinism-se-poate-naste-stiinta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/ioan-philoponus-marele-filozof-care-a-aratat-ca-din-crestinism-se-poate-naste-stiinta\/","title":{"rendered":"Ioan Philoponus, marele filozof care a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 din cre\u015ftinism se poate na\u015fte \u015ftiin\u0163a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Aristotel (384-322 \u00ee.Hr.), vechiul filozof \u015fi om de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 grec, ale c\u0103ror \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103turi reverbereaz\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 \u015fi \u00een ziua de azi, a f\u0103cut mai multe dec\u00e2t orice alt g\u00e2nditor \u00een a forma o \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 pre-cre\u015ftin\u0103. Dar teoriile sale, de\u015fi erau inovative pentru timpul s\u0103u, erau o combina\u0163ie dintre idei str\u0103lucitoare \u015fi multe non-sensuri.<\/p>\n

Ioan Philoponus, precursorul \u015ftiin\u0163ei moderne<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cel mai mare critic al lui Aristotel din primii 700 de ani dup\u0103 Hristos, a fost Ioan Philoponus (490-570). Acesta a fost un mare teolog cre\u015ftin din Alexandria, dar, a fost, totodat\u0103, \u015fi un mare precursor al fizicii moderne. Philoponus a fost primul care a combinat cosmologia \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 (studiul naturii Universului) cu monoteismul \u015fi doctrina cre\u015ftin\u0103 a Crea\u0163iei. \u00cen a realiza acest lucru, Philoponus nu doar c\u0103 a anticipat descoperirile, dar \u015fi metodele \u015ftiin\u0163ei moderne. El \u015fi-a controlat observa\u0163iile \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 de cercetare autentic\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 experimentele pe care el le-a g\u00e2ndit n-au fost duse la cap\u0103t niciodat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Credin\u0163ele lui Philoponus<\/strong><\/p>\n

Filozofia lui Philoponus este dominat\u0103 de trei mari credin\u0163e:<\/p>\n

\u2022 Universul este singura crea\u0163ie a unui singur Dumnezeu \u015fi nu este etern;<\/p>\n

\u2022 Cerul are acelea\u015fi propriet\u0103\u0163i fizice ca \u015fi P\u0103m\u00e2ntul;<\/p>\n

\u2022 Stelele nu sunt divine.<\/p>\n

Toate acestea sunt idei simple, dar au avut implica\u0163ii profunde asupra originii \u015fi duratei Universului, asupra structurii sale \u015fi asupra for\u0163elor fizice. Dac\u0103 Universul a fost creat, el nu este infinit \u00een durata sa. Dar Aristotel ne-a \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at c\u0103 Universul a fost creat \u015fi este infinit. De asemenea, dac\u0103 Universul a fost creat, atunci putem presupune \u00een mod logic c\u0103 toate corpurile cere\u015fti au fost f\u0103cute din acela\u015fi material ca \u015fi restul Crea\u0163iei.<\/p>\n

Aristotel ne-a mai \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at c\u0103 stelele sunt f\u0103cute din material celestial special. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, dac\u0103 corpurile cere\u015fti sunt materiale, a\u015fa cum credea \u015fi Philoponus, atunci ele trebuie s\u0103 se mi\u015fte \u00een vid; altfel, rezisten\u0163a lor la mi\u015fcare ar crea o fric\u0163iune imposibil\u0103. Dar, Aristotel ne-a \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at c\u0103 vidul este imposibil. Tot el ne-a mai \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at c\u0103 stelele sunt mi\u015fcate de spiritele divine. Philoponus, din contra, el credea c\u0103, din moment ce stelele sunt create, ele trebuie s\u0103 se spun\u0103 unor legi ale mi\u015fc\u0103rii. Din cele de mai sus relatate, cui acorda\u0163i mai mult credit?\u00a0 Lui Arisotel sau lui Philoponus?<\/p>\n

Galileo Galilei s-a inspirat din fizica dezvoltat\u0103 de Philoponus<\/strong><\/p>\n

Marele rival al lui Philoponus era filozoful grec neoplatonist Simplicius (490-560). Simplicius i-a pus lui Philoponus o mul\u0163ime de \u00eentreb\u0103ri \u015fi argumente: Cum ar putea ca o stea s\u0103 fie asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu P\u0103m\u00e2ntul? Durata unei c\u0103deri nu ar trebui s\u0103 tind\u0103 spre zero, odat\u0103 ce densitatea mediului descre\u015fte? Dac\u0103 spa\u0163iul ar fi un vid, obiectele cere\u015fti, ca stelele, n-ar trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 o vitez\u0103 infinit\u0103? R\u0103spunsurile lui Philoponus au anticipat solu\u0163iile g\u0103site de marii oameni de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 renascenti\u015fti Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) \u015fi Simon Stevin (1548-1620). Philoponus a argumentat corect c\u0103 viteza de c\u0103dere a unui corp nu este propor\u0163ional\u0103 cu greutatea sa. Cu un mileniu \u00eenainte de Galileo Galilei, Philoponus a propus un experiment \u015ftiin\u0163ific, \u015fi anume ca dou\u0103 corpuri de greut\u0103\u0163i diferite s\u0103 fie aruncate dintr-un turn, rezultatul fiind acela c\u0103 timpul de c\u0103dere ar diferi foarte pu\u0163in \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 obiecte.<\/p>\n

De asemenea, el a speculat faptul c\u0103 orice obiect care ar c\u0103dea \u00eentr-un vid, i-ar lua un timp finit pentru a ajunge la punctul de destina\u0163ie. \u015ei, contrar celor spuse de Aristotel, el a mai spus c\u0103 un vid este absolut posibil, nev\u0103z\u00e2nd niciun impediment prin care mi\u015fcarea s\u0103 nu poat\u0103 avea loc \u00een vid.<\/p>\n

Mi\u015fcarea stelelor explicat\u0103 de Philoponus prin teoria momentului cinetic<\/strong><\/p>\n

Spun\u00e2nd c\u0103 corpurile cere\u015fti sunt realizate din acela\u015fi material ca \u015fi P\u0103m\u00e2ntul, Philoponus a fost for\u0163at s\u0103 le explice mi\u015fcarea. Aristotel atribuia mi\u015fc\u0103rile cere\u015fti spiritelor. Dar, Philoponus crede c\u0103 acest Creator a imprimat mi\u015fcarea asupra Universului original. Mi\u015fcarea iner\u0163ial\u0103 e un fel de rest, credea Philoponus. Odat\u0103 ce mi\u015fcarea a fost imprimat\u0103, un obiect din vid va continua s\u0103 se mi\u015fte datorit\u0103 iner\u0163iei, f\u0103r\u0103 a mai fi nevoie de o \u00eempingere suplimentar\u0103. Aceast\u0103 teorie a fost scoas\u0103 la lumin\u0103 \u00een secolul al XIII-lea de Petre Jean Olivi (1248-1298) \u015fi a fost \u00eencorporat\u0103 \u00een fizica modern\u0103 \u00een teoria momentului cinetic.<\/p>\n

Aerul nu poate mi\u015fca un obiect, a\u015fa cum Aristotel credea<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 concep\u0163ie a atins \u015fi inima unei alte gre\u015feli aristotelice. Aristotel ne-a mai \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at c\u0103 un proiectil care se afl\u0103 \u00een mi\u015fcare este \u00eempins \u015fi de aer. Philoponus a fost total \u00een dezacord cu aceast\u0103 idee, spun\u00e2nd c\u0103 un mediu ca aerul, care rezist\u0103 mi\u015fc\u0103rii unui proiectil, nu poate, \u00een acela\u015fi timp, s\u0103 \u015fi-l \u00eemping\u0103. Dac\u0103 arunc\u0103m o piatr\u0103, ea va zbura o anumit\u0103 distan\u0163\u0103. Dac\u0103 at\u00e2rn\u0103m o piatr\u0103 de o sfoar\u0103 sub\u0163ire, \u015fi apoi \u00eencerc\u0103m s\u0103-i facem v\u00e2nt din spate cu orice dispozitiv, piatra abia se va mi\u015fca. A\u015fadar, cauza mi\u015fc\u0103rii, odat\u0103 ce piatra este aruncat\u0103 din m\u00e2n\u0103, const\u0103 \u00een \u00eens\u0103\u015fi piatra.<\/p>\n

Dumnezeu se afl\u0103 \u00een natur\u0103? Nu, El o transcede<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen timpul lui Philoponus era r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 filozofia panteismului, sistemul de credin\u0163\u0103 care-l identifica pe Dumnezeu cu \u00eens\u0103\u015fi natura. Philoponus era \u00eempotriva acestei idei, ar\u0103t\u00e2nd faptul c\u0103 Creatorul transcede natura \u015fi nu face parte din ea. El a spus c\u0103 Dumnezeu a creat materia „ex nihilo” (adic\u0103 din nimic), pe care a \u00eenzestrat-o cu propriet\u0103\u0163i fizice fundamentale, \u015fi oferindu-i capacitatea de a se dezvolta din haos conform legilor naturale. Odat\u0103 creat\u0103, natura exist\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 interven\u0163ia constant\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu. Aceast\u0103 concep\u0163ie i-a \u015focat pe p\u0103g\u00e2nii care credeau \u00een zeii ce ac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00een universul material.<\/p>\n

Philoponus, precusor al teoriilor moderne privind stelele<\/strong><\/p>\n

Inteligen\u0163a lui Philoponus s-a f\u0103cut remarcat\u0103 \u015fi \u00een teoriile sale astronomice. Din moment ce, \u00een a sa cosmologie, corpurile cere\u015fti sunt f\u0103cute din acela\u015fi material ca \u015fi P\u0103m\u00e2ntul, rezult\u0103 c\u0103 Soarele \u015fi stelele sunt incandescente. Experien\u0163a sa zilnic\u0103 cu substan\u0163e incandescente i-a spus faptul c\u0103 orice culoare, deci \u015fi a unei stele, depinde de natura combustibilului ei. Diferen\u0163ele \u00een magnitudinile \u015fi str\u0103lucirile stelare depind de diferi\u0163ii combustibili din structura stelelor. Philoponus mai credea c\u0103 obiectele cere\u015fti sunt subiectul oric\u0103rei schimb\u0103ri \u015fi descompuneri, la fel ca \u015fi obiectele p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u015fti. Dar aceste schimb\u0103ri nu pot fi observate \u00een stele, datorit\u0103 maselor lor uria\u015fe.<\/p>\n

Ast\u0103zi, noi \u015ftim c\u0103 aceste idei sunt adev\u0103rate. \u00cen timp ce culoarea unei stele este \u00een func\u0163ie de masa ei, care-i determin\u0103 temperatura, mai cunoa\u015ftem \u015fi faptul c\u0103 spectrul de culoare depinde de compozi\u0163ia chimic\u0103 a stelei respective. \u00cen mod remarcabil, Philoponus a ajuns la aceast\u0103 concluzie, f\u0103r\u0103 m\u0103car s\u0103 fie ajutat de vreun telescop primitiv.<\/p>\n

Philoponus s-a preocupat de natura galaxiei Calea Lactee<\/strong><\/p>\n

Filozoful cre\u015ftin din Alexandria a mai comb\u0103tut o alt\u0103 idee a lui Aristotel, cea privind originea C\u0103ii Lactee. Aristotel a atribuit galaxia Calea Lactee \u015fi cometele aburilor de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt(!) „Cum e posibil un lucru ca acesta?”<\/em> a \u00eentrebat Philoponus. Spre deosebire de comete, Calea Lactee nu-\u015fi schimb\u0103 niciodat\u0103 pozi\u0163ia sau m\u0103rimea. Niciodat\u0103 nu acoper\u0103 Luna \u015fi nici nu se schimb\u0103 \u00een func\u0163ie de vreme. Num\u0103rul imens de stele din spatele ei nu-i afecteaz\u0103 str\u0103lucirea.<\/p>\n

Philoponus ne-a \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at \u015fi propriet\u0103\u0163ile luminii<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cenv\u0103\u0163atul din Alexandria a mai spus \u00een operele sale c\u0103 lumina este un fenomen direc\u0163ional. Razele nu sunt proiectate din ochii no\u015ftri c\u0103tre obiect, ci ele se mi\u015fc\u0103 dinspre obiect spre ochii no\u015ftri. Ast\u0103zi, acest lucru pare evident, dar nu \u015fi pentru g\u00e2nditorii antici, \u00een \u00eencercarea de a explica \u00eempr\u0103\u015ftierea conic\u0103 a luminii.<\/p>\n

Philoponus fa\u0163\u0103 \u00een fa\u0163\u0103 cu matematica infinit\u0103\u0163ilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen timp ce aproape marea majoritate a filozofilor \u015fi g\u00e2nditorilor din epoca antic\u0103 se pronun\u0163au pentru un Univers etern, sau pentru un Univers ce a ap\u0103rut dintr-o substan\u0163\u0103 ini\u0163ial\u0103 (de exemplu, din trupul unui zeu omor\u00e2t), Philoponus se pronun\u0163a categoric \u00eempotriva no\u0163iunii de spa\u0163iu \u015fi timp infinit. Din moment ce lumea este creat\u0103, nu poate fi infinit\u0103, argumenta el. \u00cen logica sa, el a f\u0103cut uz de numerele cardinale infinite \u015fi a ar\u0103tat problemele logice g\u0103site \u00een seriile infinite. De exemplu, dac\u0103 o anumit\u0103 sum\u0103 de numere este infinit\u0103, \u015fi dac\u0103 suma tuturor numerelor pare este infinit\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 existe o coresponden\u0163\u0103 de 1 la 1 \u00eentre toate numerele \u015fi numerele pare. Dar, \u00een mod normal, ar trebui s\u0103 existe de dou\u0103 ori mai multe numere pare \u015fi impare, dec\u00e2t numerele pare. Din moment ce e absurd s\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 ele exist\u0103 cu adev\u0103rat, infinit\u0103\u0163ile a oric\u0103ror lucruri ce pot fi calculate reprezint\u0103 \u00eens\u0103\u015fi o absurditate. Astfel, Philoponus este prima persoan\u0103 care face o asemenea argumenta\u0163ie.<\/p>\n

Cosmologia de ast\u0103zi n-a tran\u015fat problema infinit\u0103\u0163ii Universului \u00een timp \u015fi spa\u0163iu. Exist\u0103 teorii care arat\u0103 clar c\u0103 aceste Univers are o perioad\u0103 finit\u0103 de existen\u0163\u0103 \u00een timp \u015fi c\u0103 este finit \u00een dimensiuni.<\/p>\n

De la Biblie la iluminarea \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ioan Philoponus se crede c\u0103 a tr\u0103it o via\u0163\u0103 lung\u0103 \u015fi foarte productiv\u0103. Avea o reputa\u0163ie \u00eenn\u0103scut\u0103 pentru munc\u0103 intelectual\u0103 masiv\u0103, de aceea mai era \u015fi denumit ca fiind „prietenul muncii”. El a reu\u015fit s\u0103 scoat\u0103 \u00een eviden\u0163\u0103 toate erorile din teoriile aristotelice, iar originalitatea \u015fi inteligen\u0163a sa a pavat drumul spre multe descoperiri ale \u015ftiin\u0163ei moderne. Cit\u00e2ndu-l cu 10 secole mai t\u00e2rziu, Galileo Galilei l-a l\u0103udat pe Philoponus. Dar, succesul cel mai mare al \u00een\u0163eleptului din Alexandria \u00eel reprezint\u0103 faptul c\u0103 el a reu\u015fit s\u0103 demonstreze c\u0103, pornind de la \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103turile biblice, se poate ajunge treptat la iluminarea \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Aristotel (384-322 \u00ee.Hr.), vechiul filozof \u015fi om de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 grec, ale c\u0103ror \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103turi reverbereaz\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 \u015fi \u00een ziua de azi, a f\u0103cut mai multe dec\u00e2t orice alt g\u00e2nditor \u00een a forma o \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 pre-cre\u015ftin\u0103. Dar teoriile sale, de\u015fi erau inovative … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16348,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[3864,1001,102,1405,2973,211,323,1502,37,348,3035,952,105,3865,9796,3863,733,1087,3629],"class_list":["post-16347","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-aer","tag-aristotel","tag-astronomie","tag-calea-lactee","tag-cosmologie","tag-crestinism","tag-dumnezeu","tag-filosofie","tag-filozof","tag-fizica","tag-grec","tag-lumina","tag-pamant","tag-panteism","tag-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-philoponus","tag-stea","tag-univers","tag-vid","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nIoan Philoponus, marele filozof care a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 din cre\u015ftinism se poate na\u015fte \u015ftiin\u0163a - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/ioan-philoponus-marele-filozof-care-a-aratat-ca-din-crestinism-se-poate-naste-stiinta\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ioan Philoponus, marele filozof care a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 din cre\u015ftinism se poate na\u015fte \u015ftiin\u0163a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Aristotel (384-322 \u00ee.Hr.), vechiul filozof \u015fi om de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 grec, ale c\u0103ror \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103turi reverbereaz\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 \u015fi \u00een ziua de azi, a f\u0103cut mai multe dec\u00e2t orice alt g\u00e2nditor \u00een a forma o \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 pre-cre\u015ftin\u0103. 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