{"id":16207,"date":"2010-12-28T20:57:38","date_gmt":"2010-12-28T18:57:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=16207"},"modified":"2010-12-30T20:53:08","modified_gmt":"2010-12-30T18:53:08","slug":"manipularea-giordano-bruno-el-n-a-fost-ars-pe-rug-datorita-heliocentrismului","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/manipularea-giordano-bruno-el-n-a-fost-ars-pe-rug-datorita-heliocentrismului\/","title":{"rendered":"Manipularea Giordano Bruno: el n-a fost ars pe rug pentru heliocentrism"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>C\u00e2\u0163i dintre noi nu cunosc legenda arderii pe rug a lui Giordano Bruno? Cel care a sus\u0163inut cu ardoare teoria heliocentric\u0103, \u00een ciuda \u00eempotrivirii Bisericii care credea c\u0103 Soarele se \u00eenv\u00e2rte \u00een jurul unui P\u0103m\u00e2nt, intitulat centrul Universului. \u015ei pentru asta, el a fost ars pe rug de malefica Inchizi\u0163ie exact \u00een anul 1600. Iat\u0103 cum Biserica Catolic\u0103 \u015fi instrumentul s\u0103u de tortur\u0103, Inchizi\u0163ia, se opunea progresului \u015ftiin\u0163ei, vr\u00e2nd s\u0103 men\u0163in\u0103 \u00een \u00eentunecime omul Rena\u015fterii. Stop! Aceasta-i povestea binecunoscut\u0103, cu care sunt \u00eenv\u0103\u0163a\u0163i to\u0163i \u015fcolarii (\u015fi numai ei). Dar, cum era de a\u015fteptat, \u015fcoala \u015fi istoria iar ne prezint\u0103 o mul\u0163ime de minciuni \u015fi legende total false. Pentru c\u0103 ce \u015fti\u0163i p\u00e2n\u0103 acum de Giordano Bruno e mult prea departe de adev\u0103r…<\/p>\n

Ciudata viziune spiritual\u0103 a Universului a lui Giordano Bruno<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar care e adev\u0103rul istoric? Giordano Bruno, pe numele s\u0103u adev\u0103rat, Fillipo s-a n\u0103scut \u00een anul 1548 \u00een localitatea italian\u0103 Nola, \u00een apropiere de Napoli. El \u015fi-a luat numele de Giordano, dup\u0103 ce a devenit membru al Ordinului Dominican. Filozofia de via\u0163\u0103 pe care Bruno o sus\u0163inea \u00een principalele sale lucr\u0103ri („Della causa, principio ed uno”; „Dell’ infinito universo e dei mondi”; „De Compendiosa Architectura”; „De Triplici Minimo”; „De Monade, Numero et Figura”<\/em>) era un amestec ciudat alc\u0103tuit din elemente de neoplatonism, monism materialistic, misticism ra\u0163ionalism \u015fi naturalism.<\/p>\n

Giordano Bruno sus\u0163inea urm\u0103toarele idei:
\n– c\u0103 Dumnezeu \u015fi lumea reprezint\u0103 unul \u015fi acela\u015fi lucru (panteism materialism);
\n– c\u0103 materia \u015fi spiritul, trupul \u015fi sufletul reprezint\u0103 dou\u0103 faze ale aceleia\u015fi substan\u0163e;
\n– c\u0103 Universul este infinit, iar \u00een spatele lumii vizibile se afl\u0103 o infinitate de alte lumi;
\n– c\u0103 P\u0103m\u00e2ntul are un suflet, \u015fi c\u0103 fiecare parte din el (regnul mineral, vegetal sau animal) este \u00eensufle\u0163it;
\n– c\u0103 toate sufletele sunt \u00eenrudite, \u015fi astfel, transmigrarea lor este imposibil\u0103.<\/p>\n

Calvini\u015ftii, adversarii de moarte al catolicilor, \u00eel excomunic\u0103 pe Giordano Bruno pentru lips\u0103 de respect<\/strong><\/p>\n

Desigur c\u0103 aceste idei destul de ciudate, precum \u015fi altele de natur\u0103 religioase (privindu-l pe Dumnezeu) a atras aten\u0163ia \u015fi ura Bisericii Catolice \u00eempotriva sa. Dac\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 crede\u0163i c\u0103 Giordano Bruno era ur\u00e2t doar de Biserica Catolic\u0103, v\u0103 \u00een\u015fela\u0163i amarnic. \u00cen anul 1579 el a ajuns la Geneva, unde se pare c\u0103 a devenit calvinist, \u00eembr\u0103\u0163i\u015f\u00e2nd astfel credin\u0163a cre\u015ftin\u0103 reformist\u0103, un adversar aprig al papalit\u0103\u0163ii. Dar, el nu s-a \u00eemp\u0103cat bine cu noua religie, c\u0103ci a fost excomunicat de Conciliul Calvinist, ca urmare a unei atitudini lipsite de respect fa\u0163\u0103 de conduc\u0103torii acestei Biserici.<\/p>\n

Giordano Bruno \u00eei jigne\u015fte pe renumi\u0163ii profesori de la Oxford, despre care crede c\u0103 sunt be\u0163ivi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 ce a fost nevoit s\u0103 plece din Geneva \u015fi dup\u0103 ce a z\u0103bovit c\u00e2\u0163iva ani \u015fi prin Fran\u0163a, unde \u015fi-a mai publicat c\u00e2teva lucr\u0103ri, Giordano Bruno ajunge \u015fi la Londra, \u00een 1584, la celebra Universitate Oxford. \u00centruc\u00e2t i se p\u0103rea a fi o mare personalitate mondial\u0103, Bruno cere s\u0103 \u0163in\u0103 c\u00e2teva cursuri \u00een aceast\u0103 prestigioas\u0103 unitate de \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m\u00e2nt, dar este refuzat. Drept r\u0103zbunare, el public\u0103 un mic pamflet intitulat „Cena delle ceneri”<\/em>, \u00een care \u00eei atac\u0103 pe renumi\u0163ii profesori de la Oxford, spun\u00e2nd despre ace\u015ftia c\u0103 ei cunosc mai mult despre bere dec\u00e2t despre greci!<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 ce a devenit…luteran, Giordano Bruno a fost iar\u0103\u015fi excomunicat datorit\u0103…orgoliului s\u0103u obraznic!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 o \u00eencercare e\u015fuat\u0103 de a se reconcilia cu Biserica Catolic\u0103, \u00een 1587 Bruno ajunge \u00een Germania unde devine… luteran! Dar, \u015fi fa\u0163\u0103 de luterani el manifest\u0103 acela\u015fi „orgoliu plin de obr\u0103znicie”, fiind excomunicat \u00een cur\u00e2nd \u015fi de c\u0103tre ace\u015ftia \u00een Hemstadt.<\/p>\n

Arestarea \u015fi judecarea lui Giordano Bruno<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 1591, Bruno ajunge la Vene\u0163ia, la invita\u0163ia lui Mocenigo, pe care-l interesa sistemul s\u0103u de antrenare a memoriei. Nereu\u015find s\u0103 ob\u0163in\u0103 de la Bruno secretul „magiei sale naturale”, Mocenigo l-a denun\u0163at Inchizi\u0163iei vene\u0163iene. \u00cen fa\u0163a acestora, Bruno s-a dezis de toate erorile \u015fi \u00eendoielile \u00een ceea ce prive\u015fte doctrina catolic\u0103.<\/p>\n

De ce a stat Giordano Bruno \u00eenchis timp de 6 ani, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 fie judecat?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00centre timp, filozoful italian a intrat \u015fi sub lupa Inchizi\u0163iei de la Roma, care i-a cerut celei vene\u0163iene extr\u0103darea. Dup\u0103 o anumit\u0103 ezitare, Bruno a fost extr\u0103dat autorit\u0103\u0163ilor de la Roma, \u00een februarie 1593, unde a stat \u00eenchis timp de 6 ani f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 fie deloc judecat. Istoricii s-au str\u0103duit mult, dar n-au g\u0103sit absolut niciun document care s\u0103 explice \u00eent\u00e2rzierea procesului lui Giordano Bruno, \u00een condi\u0163iile \u00een care un proces al Inchizi\u0163iei se desf\u0103\u015fura destul de repede.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Bruno n-a fost condamnat pentru teoria heliocentric\u0103!<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen prim\u0103vara lui 1599, a \u00eenceputul procesul s\u0103u, \u015fi, de\u015fi Inchizi\u0163ia Roman\u0103 i-a acordat c\u00e2teva \u015fanse de a-\u015fi retracta afirma\u0163iile \u015fi doctrinele r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite, Giordano Bruno a refuzat. El a fost condamnat \u00een ianuarie 1600, iar pe 17 februarie 1600 a fost ars pe rug. \u00cens\u0103, Giordano Bruno n-a fost executat pentru c\u0103 a sus\u0163inut faptul c\u0103 Soarele e fix \u015fi c\u0103 P\u0103m\u00e2ntul se \u00eenv\u00e2rte \u00een jurul s\u0103u (a\u015fa cum mul\u0163i dintre noi credem), ci pentru sus\u0163inerea unor doctrine teologice incompatibile cu doctrinele Bisericii Catolice, ca de exemplu, faptul c\u0103 Iisus Hristos nu ar fi fost Dumnezeu, ci doar un magician, c\u0103 Sf\u00e2ntul Duh este sufletul lumii, c\u0103 diavolul va fi m\u00e2ntuit etc.<\/p>\n

Bruno n-a putut fi condamnat pentru heliocentrism, din moment ce \u00een perioada aceea el nu era interzis<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u0103 Bruno n-a fost condamnat pentru heliocentrism (ci poate a jucat, cel mult, un rol minor \u00een condamnarea sa) reiese \u015fi din faptul c\u0103 Biserica Catolic\u0103 n-a exprimat o pozi\u0163ie oficial\u0103 privind aceast\u0103 tez\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 1616, deci la 16 ani dup\u0103 arderea pe rug a lui Giordano Bruno. Deci, \u00een anul 1600, heliocentrismul nu era interzis de Biserica, a\u015fa c\u0103 Bruno n-ar fi putut fi condamnat pe un lucru care nu era \u00eenc\u0103 interzis! Biserica n-a avut vreo pozi\u0163ie oficial\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de heliocentrism p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 1616, atunci c\u00e2nd Paolo Antonio Foscarini (1565-1616) a publicat o carte prin care heliocentrismul intra \u00een contradic\u0163ie cu Sf\u00e2nta Scriptur\u0103. La publicarea <\/strong>acestei opere, Biserica Catolic\u0103 a fost nevoit\u0103 s\u0103 ia o pozi\u0163ie oficial\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de ideea heliocentrismului. Totu\u015fi, nici m\u0103car \u00een 1616 heliocentrismul nu a fost condamnat definitiv de c\u0103tre Biserica Catolic\u0103, acest lucru venind abia \u00een anul 1664, atunci c\u00e2nd papa Alexandru al VII-lea a scos o bul\u0103 prin care se interziceau toate c\u0103r\u0163ile care sus\u0163ineau mi\u015fcarea P\u0103m\u00e2ntului.<\/p>\n

Tot un fapt interesant de precizat e faptul c\u0103 unul din inchizitorii lui Giordano Bruno a fost teologul iezuit Roberto Bellarmine (1542-1621). Acesta este cardinalul Bellarmine de mai t\u00e2rziu (din 1616), care, ca \u015fef al lui Collegium Romanum, a fost \u00eens\u0103rcinat de papa Paul al V-lea cu examinarea ideilor despre heliocentrism din cartea lui Foscarini. \u00cen niciuna dintre scrierile lui Bellarmine despre heliocentrism nu se men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 vreo referire la cazul Giordano Bruno, ce a avut loc cu 16 ani mai devreme.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Giordano Bruno n-a fost astronom, ci filozof!<\/strong> Atunci, de ce se bate at\u00e2ta tam-tam c\u0103 el sus\u0163inea c\u0103 P\u0103m\u00e2ntul se \u00eenv\u00e2rte \u00een jurul Soarelui?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ceea ce surprinde cel mai mult la povestea arderii pe rug a lui Giordano Bruno e faptul c\u0103 acesta a fost portretizat ca un „martir al g\u00e2ndirii libere”, ca un partizan al viziunii moderne asupra Universului, ca un simbol al intoleran\u0163ei fa\u0163\u0103 de noile idei \u015ftiin\u0163ifice (ca cele ale heliocentrismului). \u00cens\u0103 mul\u0163i nu-\u015fi dau seama c\u0103 Giordano Bruno are, \u00een opera sa, pu\u0163in de-a face cu astronomia. Bruno n-a fost nicidecum un astronom, ci doar un filozof. \u00centr-una din operele sale principale „Dell’ infinito universo e dei mondi”<\/em>, adic\u0103 „Despre Universul infinit \u015fi alte lumi”<\/em>, subiectul principal nu este cel al sistemului heliocentric, ci al panteismului (doctrin\u0103 teologic\u0103 pe care-l preocupa foarte mult). Heliocentrismul nu era altceva dec\u00e2t suportul material \u00een a-\u015fi sus\u0163ine teza despre panteism.<\/p>\n

Bruno a pariat pe calul c\u00e2\u015ftig\u0103tor!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bruno a fost \u00eentr-adev\u0103r un filozof str\u0103lucitor, dar, \u00een acela\u015fi timp, era \u015fi ar\u0163\u0103gos \u015fi auto-distrug\u0103tor. \u00cen scrierile sale nu g\u0103sim nimic nou care s\u0103 fi contribuit la progresul astronomiei. \u00cen plus, cei care sus\u0163in c\u0103 Bruno a fost partizanul vie\u0163ii extraterestre (\u00een opera „Despre Universul infinit \u015fi alte lumi”<\/em>) vor fi foarte dezam\u0103gi\u0163i c\u0103 filozoful italian n-a adus prea multe idei \u00een aceast\u0103 privin\u0163\u0103, printre paginile operei sale. Dar Giordano Bruno a pariat pe calul c\u00e2\u015ftig\u0103tor, s-a transformat datorit\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103p\u0103\u0163\u00e2n\u0103rii \u015fi g\u00e2lcevii sale \u00een „martir f\u0103r\u0103 voie” \u015fi a devenit, astfel un fel de erou al \u015ftiin\u0163ei, \u00een loc s\u0103 fie o simpl\u0103 not\u0103 de subsol \u00eentr-o carte de filozofie renascentist\u0103.<\/p>\n

Istoria e tare amuzant\u0103 \u00een felul acesta!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00e2\u0163i dintre noi nu cunosc legenda arderii pe rug a lui Giordano Bruno? Cel care a sus\u0163inut cu ardoare teoria heliocentric\u0103, \u00een ciuda \u00eempotrivirii Bisericii care credea c\u0103 Soarele se \u00eenv\u00e2rte \u00een jurul unui P\u0103m\u00e2nt, intitulat centrul Universului. \u015ei pentru … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16208,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[102,1415,3839,211,323,866,1284,1906,1532,86,2780,553,865,1087,586],"class_list":["post-16207","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-astronomie","tag-biserica-catolica","tag-calvinism","tag-crestinism","tag-dumnezeu","tag-giordano-bruno","tag-heliocentrism","tag-inchizitie","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-italia","tag-luteranism","tag-roma","tag-soare","tag-univers","tag-venetia","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nManipularea Giordano Bruno: el n-a fost ars pe rug pentru heliocentrism - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/manipularea-giordano-bruno-el-n-a-fost-ars-pe-rug-datorita-heliocentrismului\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Manipularea Giordano Bruno: el n-a fost ars pe rug pentru heliocentrism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"C\u00e2\u0163i dintre noi nu cunosc legenda arderii pe rug a lui Giordano Bruno? 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