{"id":15910,"date":"2010-12-11T20:15:07","date_gmt":"2010-12-11T18:15:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=15910"},"modified":"2019-10-14T23:45:28","modified_gmt":"2019-10-14T20:45:28","slug":"descoperirea-misterioaselor-insule-ale-mirodeniilor-o-istorie-fascinanta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/descoperirea-misterioaselor-insule-ale-mirodeniilor-o-istorie-fascinanta\/","title":{"rendered":"Descoperirea \u201cmisterioaselor\u201d Insule ale Mirodeniilor: o istorie fascinant\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Imagine: pixabay.com<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cen tradi\u0163ia oral\u0103 sau scris\u0103 a multor popoare g\u0103sim povestiri despre insule paradisiace, vr\u0103jite, plutitoare, pierdute \u015fi reg\u0103site, locuite de mon\u015ftri, ad\u0103postind comori etc; uneori, aceste legende v\u0103desc elemente comune, \u00een ciuda distan\u0163elor enorme ce despart locurile lor de origine; de exemplu, \u00een legenda irlandez\u0103 despre c\u0103lug\u0103rul Brandan \u015fi \u00een povestea oriental\u0103 despre Sindbad Marinarul, eroii respectivi iau spatele unor balene drept insule, pe care aprind focuri – drept care balenele astfel importunate se pun \u00een mi\u015fcare, iar eroii no\u015ftri trec prin multe \u00eent\u00eempl\u0103ri ie\u015fite din comun. Asemenea insule plutitoare au stimulat imagina\u0163ia oamenilor p\u00e2n\u0103 t\u00e2rziu, \u00een veacul XVIII, c\u00e2nd, de pild\u0103, episcopul danez Pontoppidan afirm\u0103 foarte sigur de sine: \u201eInsulele plutitoare sunt \u00eentotdeauna caracati\u0163e uria\u015fe”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Insulele Mirodeniilor, cele mai c\u0103utate insule din Evul Mediu
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar nicio insul\u0103, real\u0103 sau imaginar\u0103, n-a fost c\u0103utat\u0103 cu at\u00e2ta \u00eenver\u015funare, vreme de multe veacuri, ca Insulele Mirodeniilor – nume sub care \u00een\u0163elegem ast\u0103zi arhipelagul indonezian al Molucelor (Maluku); dac\u0103 despre alte insule dovezile de existen\u0163\u0103 erau relative pentru unele min\u0163i mai luminate ale acelor vremuri \u00eendep\u0103rtate – de\u015fi povestirile marin\u0103re\u015fti, legendele, \u00eensemn\u0103rile din cronici \u015fi h\u0103r\u0163i nu erau totdeauna lipsite de temeiuri foarte reale – \u00een cazul Insulelor Mirodeniilor argumentele erau de-a dreptul palpabile : piperul, scor\u0163i\u015foara, ghimberul, nuc\u015foara, smirna, camforul, al\u0103turi de perle, de indigo \u015fi de multe alte m\u0103rfuri, veneau de undeva, de departe, de la R\u0103s\u0103rit, din Insulele Mirodeniilor, transportate cu pirogele care br\u0103zdau m\u0103rile sudului \u015fi cu felucele arabe, apoi pe spin\u0103rile c\u0103milelor \u015fi, \u00een sf\u00eer\u015fit, \u00een calele p\u00e2ntecoase ale navelor comerciale vene\u0163iene \u015fi hanseatice, pentru a lua drumul buc\u0103t\u0103riilor, farmaciilor \u015fi atelierelor de vopsitorie \u015fi parfumuri din tot cuprinsul Europei.<\/p>\n

Mirodeniile = spi\u0163eriile
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mirodeniilor li se spunea uneori \u015fi \u201earomate”, iar spaniolii le numeau especeria<\/em>, termen care a p\u0103truns \u00een forme asem\u0103n\u0103toare \u00een multe limbi – \u015fi la noi li se spunea \u201espi\u0163erii”, cuv\u00e2nt pe care l-am preluat, se pare, din grece\u015fte (spetsaria<\/em>) \u015fi care cu timpul a c\u0103p\u0103tat \u00een\u0163elesul popular de \u201eleacuri”, \u201emedicamente”, iar farmacia a devenit bine\u00een\u0163eles spi\u0163erie (spre deosebire de \u0163\u0103rile de limb\u0103 spaniol\u0103, unde prin especieria<\/em> se desemneaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre comer\u0163ul de b\u0103c\u0103nie, precum \u015fi pr\u0103v\u0103lia respectiv\u0103).<\/p>\n

Marco Polo num\u0103r\u0103 1448 de Insule ale Mirodeniilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Totu\u015fi, nu spaniolii au fost primii europeni care au g\u0103sit bogatele insule ale aromatelor, de\u015fi au c\u0103utat cu mult\u0103 perseveren\u0163\u0103 drumul c\u0103tre ele, organiz\u00e2nd numeroase expedi\u0163ii (una dintre ele va sf\u00e2r\u015fi, dup\u0103 cum se \u015ftie, cu descoperirea Lumii Noi). Despre Insulele Mirodeniilor vorbe\u015fte \u015fi Marco Polo, care le-a… num\u0103rat, g\u0103sind c\u0103 sunt exact 1448 \u201erisipite \u00een Marea Ciu”; oricum, cartea intrepidului negustor vene\u0163ian, adev\u0103rat \u00eendreptar pentru cartografii din veacurile XIV \u015fi XV, se cite\u015fte \u015fi ast\u0103zi cu interes \u015fi amuzament. Trebuie amintit c\u0103 mul\u0163i al\u0163i c\u0103l\u0103tori europeni au fost \u00een regiunea m\u0103rilor sudului \u00een veacurile XIII \u015fi XIV, \u00eentre care Giovanni de Montecorvino, Odorico da Pordenone \u015fi Giovanni din Maringnoli, nume pu\u0163in cunoscute deoarece – spre deosebire de Marco Polo, a c\u0103rui carte plin\u0103 de fantezie (scris\u0103 \u00een \u00eenchisoarea de datornici din Genova) s-a bucurat de numeroase edi\u0163ii – ace\u015ftia s-au mul\u0163umit s\u0103 \u00eentocmeasc\u0103 rapoarte c\u0103tre comanditarii lor, d\u0103ri de seam\u0103 care \u00een unele cazuri s-au g\u0103sit \u00een arhive comerciale sau biblioteci m\u0103n\u0103stire\u015fti, iar altele s-au pierdut pentru totdeauna.<\/p>\n

Un negustor rus a ajuns p\u00e2n\u0103 aproape de insula Ceylon?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Destul de aproape a ajuns \u015fi negustorul Afanasi Nikitin din Tver, se pare \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 nu chiar p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Sri Lanka (Ceylon) – dup\u0103 cum este de p\u0103rere I. P. Marghidovici – insul\u0103 despre care c\u0103l\u0103torul din Tver ne informeaz\u0103 din auzite:\u00a0 a\u015fa-numita Cronic\u0103 din Lvov men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 c\u0103 Nikitin a murit pe drumul de \u00eenapoiere din c\u0103l\u0103toria lui \u201epeste trei m\u0103ri”; de asemenea c\u0103 \u201e\u00eensemn\u0103rile le-a scris cu m\u00e2na lui \u015fi ni\u015fte negu\u0163\u0103tori le-a adus la Moscova…”<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Drumul mirodeniilor din Orient \u00een Europa<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 ce (\u00een primele decenii ale veacului XV) sultanii mamelucilor din Egipt au pus v\u0103mi uria\u015fe asupra m\u0103rfurilor transportate de caravane din porturile apusene ale Oceanului Indian spre Mediterana \u015fi dup\u0103 ce (\u00een 1453) Constantinopolul a c\u0103zut sub asaltul impetuos al ienicerilor lui Mahomed II, turcii devenind st\u0103p\u00e2ni incontestabili ai str\u00e2mtorilor \u015fi principalelor drumuri comerciale europene \u00een Mediterana \u015fi Marea Neagr\u0103, negustorii vene\u0163ieni \u015fi genovezi au fost lipsi\u0163i de porturi \u015fi de cele mai propice centre de tranzit pentru produsele orientale at\u00e2t de c\u0103utate \u00een apusul Europei, \u00eendeosebi pentru mirodenii – pentru spi\u0163erii.<\/p>\n

Articolele orientale ajungeau \u00een Europa pe mai multe c\u0103i. Prima era artera continental\u0103, transasiatic\u0103,\u00a0 \u015fi ducea peste colonia genovez\u0103 Caffa sau peste cea vene\u0163ian\u0103 Tana, din Crimeea, sau lega Trapezuntul de Ormuz. Aceast\u0103 cale a avut de suferit \u00een urma islamiz\u0103rii Asiei centrale \u015fi a declinului banatului mongol din secolul al XV-lea. Celelalte c\u0103i sudice, maritime \u015fi terestre, erau controlate de arabi. Dou\u0103 drumuri de caravane: unul cu punctul de plecare Siria sau Egiptul \u015fi destina\u0163ia Mecca; cel\u0103lalt, \u00eendrept\u00e2ndu-se din Alep spre Tigru. Ambele se prelungeau \u00een direc\u0163ia Oceanului Indian, unul c\u0103tre Golful Persic, al doilea c\u0103tre Marea Ro\u015fie.<\/p>\n

\u00cen direc\u0163ia invers\u0103, de la Golful Persic, caravanele \u00eenaintau p\u00e2n\u0103 la Basrah sau Bagdad, de unde, peste de\u015fertul Siriei, se \u00eendreptau spre Damasc \u015fi Alep sau, urm\u00e2nd cursul Eufratului, str\u0103b\u0103teau mun\u0163ii Armeniei, ajung\u00e2nd la porturile M\u0103rii Negre. Aici erau achizi\u0163ionate de vene\u0163ieni \u015fi genovezi, armeni sau ru\u015fi \u015fi, mai rar, de provensali \u015fi catalani. Cel\u0103lalt drum trecea peste Marea Ro\u015fie. Colonialele erau transportate pe ap\u0103, apoi prin Aden, pe drumul caravanelor spre Nil, p\u00e2n\u0103 la Cairo, de unde erau dirijate spre Alexandria sau Beirut.<\/p>\n

Vene\u0163ienii, principalii comercian\u0163i de mirodenii<\/strong><\/p>\n

La Alexandria, potrivit relat\u0103rilor cunoscutului c\u0103l\u0103tor Rabbi Benjamin din Tudela (1166-1173), negustorii europeni \u015fi \u00een primul r\u00e2nd vene\u0163ienii aveau deja \u00een secolul al XII-lea pr\u0103v\u0103lii, depozite proprii. Vene\u0163ienii,\u00a0 st\u0103p\u00e2ni peste comer\u0163ul Alexandriei, deveniser\u0103 principalii beneficiari \u015fi intermediari ai comer\u0163ului cu aromate. Un comer\u0163 \u00eenfloritor practicat la \u00eenceput de negustori arabi, persani, evrei \u015fi cop\u0163i, dar \u015fi de \u00abfranci\u00bb, apoi aproape numai de musulmani, lega Orientul de India.<\/p>\n

De ce erau at\u00e2t de c\u0103utate mirodeniile?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mirodeniile, care oricum se num\u0103rau printre cele mai scumpe m\u0103rfuri din Europa, atinser\u0103 c\u0103tre sf\u00e2r\u015fitul veacului XV pre\u0163uri de-a dreptul exorbitante – o nuc\u015foar\u0103 ajunsese s\u0103 valoreze pre\u0163ul ei \u00een aur. Ni s-a p\u0103strat o list\u0103 de pre\u0163uri din primii ani ai veacului XVI \u00een care se arat\u0103 c\u0103 un chintal de cui\u015foare costa \u00een Insulele Moluce patru duca\u0163i, \u00een Malacca pre\u0163ul cre\u015ftea la 28 duca\u0163i, \u00een portul Calicut (Calcutta) atingea o sut\u0103 de duca\u0163i, pentru ca la Londra s\u0103 se v\u00e2nd\u0103 cu 126 duca\u0163i.<\/p>\n

\u015ei totu\u015fi, lumea medieval\u0103 nu se putea lipsi de mirodenii: documente atest\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een 1503 marii negustori din Bra\u015fov au importat, prin \u0162ara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, peste 728 chintale de piper. \u201eAceast\u0103 ciudat\u0103 foame de mirodenii”<\/em>, ne spune J. G. Leith\u0103user \u00een lucrarea sa, \u201ese explic\u0103 prin condi\u0163iile de via\u0163\u0103 ale omului medieval. Se consumau din abunden\u0163\u0103 condimente, deoarece \u00eenc\u0103 nu existau cartofi \u015fi buc\u0103t\u0103ria nu dispunea dec\u00e2t de pu\u0163ine legume \u015fi garnituri, \u00een schimb mereu de carne conservat\u0103. \u00cen nordul Europei, \u00eenainte ca alternarea modern\u0103 a culturilor \u015fi cultivarea sfeclei s\u0103 procure furaje pentru iarn\u0103, vitele erau t\u0103iate toamna \u015fi carnea pus\u0103 la s\u0103rat. Pentru ca gustul searb\u0103d al acestei hrane s\u0103 devin\u0103 cu timpul mai suportabil, i se ad\u0103uga piper \u015fi cui\u015foare. Muritorul de r\u00eend nu se bucura nici altfel de cine \u015ftie ce desf\u0103t\u0103ri : nu exista ceai, nu exista cafea, nu exista cacao. Numai cei boga\u0163i \u00ee\u015fi puteau permite s\u0103 consume zah\u0103r sau vin, ceilal\u0163i erau nevoi\u0163i s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 mirodenii pentru a da c\u00e2t de c\u00e2t gust berii sub\u0163iri sau vinului acru. Mirodeniile erau utilizate \u00een cantit\u0103\u0163i mari \u015fi \u00een medicin\u0103: numai un leac cu arom\u0103 puternic\u0103 era \u00een m\u0103sur\u0103 s\u0103 c\u00e2\u015ftige \u00eencrederea bolnavilor \u00een propriet\u0103\u0163ile lui curative. Locuitorii ora\u015felor medievale foloseau cantit\u0103\u0163i uria\u015fe de substan\u0163e puternic \u00eenmiresmate nu numai pentru c\u0103 ele \u00eei ap\u0103rau, chipurile, de molime \u015fi cium\u0103, ci \u015fi pentru a sc\u0103pa de miresmele pestilen\u0163iale ale str\u0103zilor \u00eenghesuite \u015fi murdare”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Marile descoperiri geografice din Rena\u015ftere au pornit de la un scop precis: descoperirea mirodeniilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u015fadar, vechile drumuri comerciale, pe mare \u015fi pe uscat, c\u0103tre India se \u00eenchiseser\u0103, sau, oricum, deveniser\u0103 foarte anevoioase, ceea ce dusese la o \u201ecriz\u0103 a comer\u0163ului levantin”, cum au formulat-o unii istorici, una dintre principalele cauze ale marilor descoperiri geografice din veacul XV. Vremea marilor exploratori europeni ai P\u0103m\u00e2ntului n-a \u00eenceput \u00een c\u0103utarea unor \u0163\u0103rmuri noi, necunoscute, ci prin c\u0103utarea drumului c\u0103tre un \u0163el deja cunoscut.<\/p>\n

Portugalia, principalul motor al descoperirilor geografice \u00een secolul XV. De ce Portugalia?
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ca \u015fi alte insule care au stimulat fantezia geografilor, cartografilor \u015fi navigatorilor medievali, iat\u0103 c\u0103 acum \u015fi Insulele Mirodeniilor devin \u0163inta unor expedi\u0163ii pornite din diferite porturi europene \u015fi \u00eendeosebi din Portugalia. De ce tocmai Portugalia? Este o \u00eentrebare care necesit\u0103 un r\u0103spuns complex:\u00a0\u00a0 mai \u00eent\u00e2i, trebuie avut \u00een vedere c\u0103 Vene\u0163ia \u015fi Genova, principalele interesate, erau puteri comerciale, aveau flote profilate mai ales pe transportul de m\u0103rfuri \u00een bazinul mediteraneean \u015fi adesea preferau s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 pre\u0163urile exorbitante la care ajunseser\u0103 m\u0103rfurile orientale, asigur\u00e2ndu-\u015fi un profit mai mic, dar sigur; Fran\u0163a \u015fi Anglia erau angajate \u00een dezastruosul r\u0103zboi de o sut\u0103 de ani (care a durat 116 ani…) sf\u00e2r\u015fit abia \u00een 1453, Spania lupta \u00eempotriva maurilor pe propriul ei teritoriu, iar ora\u015fele hanseatice erau departe, c\u0103tre miaz\u0103noapte…<\/p>\n

Cu totul alt\u0103 situa\u0163ie avea Portugalia, unde Henric Navigatorul, \u00een cei patruzeci \u015fi cinci de ani de activitate ai s\u0103i (a murit \u00een 1460), preg\u0103tise marinari cu experien\u0163\u0103 \u015fi ridicase flota portughez\u0103 pe primul loc \u00een lume; acest suveran era \u00een permanen\u0163\u0103 preocupat de organizarea unor c\u0103l\u0103torii spre \u0163\u0103rmuri dep\u0103rtate \u015fi necunoscute – navigatorii s\u0103i au explorat \u0163\u0103rmul Africii de la Gibraltar p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Guineea \u015fi l-au \u00eensemnat pe h\u0103r\u0163i. Mediterana era prea str\u00e2mt\u0103 (un \u201elac \u00eenchis”) \u015fi prea aglomerat\u0103 pentru Henric, care a ob\u0163inut de la pap\u0103 monopolul comer\u0163ului african \u015fi al cuceririi regiunilor de litoral din Africa (\u00een afar\u0103 de \u0163\u0103rmul nordic, mediteranean, at\u00e2t asupra celor deja dob\u00e2ndite, c\u00e2t \u015fi asupra celor ce vor fi dob\u00e2ndite, de la capurile Bojador \u015fi Nao, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Guineea \u015fi mai departe, de-a lungul \u0163\u0103rmului sudic p\u00een\u0103 \u00een Indii.<\/p>\n

Portugalia \u00eencepe colonizarea Africii<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen sf\u00e2r\u015fit, \u00een vremea lui Henric Navigatorul (\u00een ciuda poreclei sale, el n-a c\u0103l\u0103torit pe mare dec\u00e2t foarte pu\u0163in), \u00een flota portughez\u0103 a \u00eenceput s\u0103 predomine caravela – nav\u0103 cu trei sau patru catarge, u\u015foar\u0103, rapid\u0103, cu velatur\u0103 latin\u0103 (p\u00e2nze triunghiulare sau cu partea de sus triunghiular\u0103) lesne de manevrat, care \u015fi pe v\u00e2nt nefavorabil putea \u00eenainta \u00een voie – nav\u0103 potrivit\u0103 pentru c\u0103l\u0103torii lungi. Navigatorii portughezi se \u00eendreptau, a\u015fadar, spre sud – dup\u0103 cum atest\u0103 bula Romanus Pontifex din 1455 \u201ead meridionales et orientales plagas”<\/em> – \u015fi, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce explorau aceste terrae incognitae – coast\u0103 apusean\u0103 a Africii – d\u0103deau \u0163\u0103rmurilor nou descoperite nume sugestive pentru perioada colonial\u0103: Coasta Aurului, Coasta Filde\u015fului, Coasta Piperului, Coasta Sclavilor. O parte a vechilor denumiri nu se mai folose\u015fte ast\u0103zi: sc\u0103pate din robia colonialist\u0103, tinerele state africane independente au revenit la vechile denumiri, tradi\u0163ionale, ale regiunilor respective.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 pe Coasta Aurului (ast\u0103zi : Ghana) existau \u00eentr-adev\u0103r unele z\u0103c\u0103minte aurifere, \u00een schimb, pe Coasta Piperului (ast\u0103zi: Liberia) nu exista nici urm\u0103 de Piper nigrum<\/em> – numele \u015ftiin\u0163ific al plantei c\u0103\u0163\u0103r\u0103toare care produce mult c\u0103utatele boabe de piper – ci numai o leguminoas\u0103 numit\u0103 malagete (malaguetta, melaghetta), ale c\u0103rei semin\u0163e amintesc vag de gustul piperului indian. Dar toate acestea constituie tot at\u00e2tea etape \u00een c\u0103utarea mult r\u00e2vnitului drum c\u0103tre Indii – c\u0103tre Insulele Mirodeniilor unde se g\u0103sesc \u00eentr-adev\u0103r boabe de Piper nigrum<\/em>, precum \u015fi mugurii florali ai cui\u015forului, semin\u0163ele de Myristica fragrans<\/em> care au primit la noi numele de nuc\u015foare, dup\u0103 cum coaja aromat\u0103 a unui alt arbust exotic a fost numit\u0103 scor\u0163i\u015foar\u0103, ca s\u0103 nu mai vorbim de rizomul cromat al unei ierbacee numit\u0103 Zingiber officinale<\/em> (ghimber), de r\u0103\u015fina din scoar\u0163a de Styrax benzoin (smirn\u0103)<\/em> c\u0103utat\u0103 de medici \u015fi de atelierele de parfumerie, \u015fi de multe altele.<\/p>\n

C\u0103tre sf\u00e2r\u015fitul veacului, ultimele dou\u0103 etape s-au succedat cu repeziciune: \u00een 1487, cu dou\u0103 nave de c\u00e2te 50 tone, Bartolomeu Dias trece de extremitatea sudic\u0103 a Africii, iar \u00een 1498 Vasco da Gama, dup\u0103 o c\u0103l\u0103torie aventuroas\u0103, ajunge la Calicut, \u00een India, de unde se \u00eentoarce cu navele \u00eenc\u0103rcate de m\u0103rfuri, \u00eendeosebi cu aromate – cu spi\u0163erii.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Insulele Mirodeniile, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u015fit g\u0103site<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar Insulele Mirodeniilor, despre bog\u0103\u0163ia c\u0103rora circulau at\u00e2tea povestiri reale sau fanteziste, erau \u015fi mai departe – ele vor fi atinse abia \u00een 1511 de c\u00e2teva nave armate de viceregele Indiilor portugheze, Alfonso de Albuquerque \u015fi anexate dup\u0103 1526.<\/p>\n

Prin Insulele Mirodeniilor se desemneaz\u0103, \u00een general, Arhipelagul Molucelor (Maluku) situat \u00eentre insulele Filipine, Sulawesi (Celebes) \u015fi Noua Guinee, dar insule cu mirodenii pe care cresc plantele cu frunze, flori, semin\u0163e, coaj\u0103 sau r\u0103d\u0103cini aromate, cu bogat con\u0163inut de uleiuri eterice, sunt foarte multe – practic ele cuprind aproape toate \u0163\u0103rmurile malaieze \u015fi indoneziene, la nord p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Marea Chinei de Sud, la sud p\u00e2n\u0103 aproape de Australia.<\/p>\n

G\u0103sirea c\u0103ilor de acces c\u0103tre Insulele Mirodeniilor a \u00eensemnat un punct important \u00een istoria agitat\u0103 a cuceririlor portugheze \u015fi totodat\u0103 o etap\u0103 nou\u0103 \u00een leg\u0103turile comerciale de str\u0103veche tradi\u0163ie dintre regiunile orientale \u015fi Europa. \u00cen acest sens, J. D. Bernal este, poate, prea sever c\u00e2nd spune: \u201econtrastul dintre expedi\u0163iile succesive ale portughezilor \u00een jurul Africii \u015fi hot\u0103r\u00e2rea lui Columb de a risca totul, navig\u00e2nd direct de-a curmezi\u015ful Atlanticului, este analog contrastului dintre progresul tehnic, care depinde de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irea continu\u0103 a practicilor tradi\u0163ionale, \u015fi progresul \u015ftiin\u0163ific, care folose\u015fte ra\u0163iunea pentru a rupe radical cu tradi\u0163ia”. <\/em>C\u0103ci se cuvine s\u0103 \u0163inem seama c\u0103 marele amiral care a fost Columb n-a ajuns, navig\u00e2nd spre Apus, \u00een Insulele Mirodeniilor c\u0103utate cu at\u00e2ta ardoare – ac\u0163iune pe care o vor realiza marinarii unui alt mare navigator, Magellan (portughez aflat \u00een slujba Spaniei) mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een 1521, la numai c\u00e2teva zile dup\u0103 ce au avut durerea s\u0103-\u015fi piard\u0103 c\u0103pitanul, ucis \u00eentr-o \u00eenc\u0103ierare cu b\u0103\u015ftina\u015fii insulei Mactan din Arhipelagul Filipinelor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen tradi\u0163ia oral\u0103 sau scris\u0103 a multor popoare g\u0103sim povestiri despre insule paradisiace, vr\u0103jite, plutitoare, pierdute \u015fi reg\u0103site, locuite de mon\u015ftri, ad\u0103postind comori etc; uneori, aceste legende v\u0103desc elemente comune, \u00een ciuda distan\u0163elor enorme ce despart locurile lor de origine; … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":64589,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1770],"tags":[235,1772,120,452,685,2138,3796,2795,386,202,502,9807,2572,3799,3798,549,619,1481,1784,3793,3800,3792,3791,2766,1004,2511,2072,3790,3558,1132,2135,3794,826,453,3795,3797,318,2412,586],"class_list":["post-15910","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geografie-feologie","tag-africa","tag-alexandria","tag-anglia","tag-arabi","tag-aur","tag-bagdad","tag-calcutta","tag-coasta-de-fildes","tag-egipt","tag-franta","tag-genova","tag-geografie-geologie","tag-ghana","tag-guineea","tag-henric-navigatorul","tag-imperiul-otoman","tag-india","tag-indonezia","tag-insula","tag-insulele-moluce","tag-liberia","tag-magellan","tag-marco-polo","tag-marea-mediterana","tag-marea-neagra","tag-marea-rosie","tag-mecca","tag-mirodenii","tag-nil","tag-oceanul-atlantic","tag-oceanul-indian","tag-piper","tag-portugalia","tag-rege","tag-scortisoara","tag-siria","tag-spania","tag-sri-lanka","tag-venetia","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nDescoperirea \u201cmisterioaselor\u201d Insule ale Mirodeniilor: o istorie fascinant\u0103 - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/descoperirea-misterioaselor-insule-ale-mirodeniilor-o-istorie-fascinanta\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Descoperirea \u201cmisterioaselor\u201d Insule ale Mirodeniilor: o istorie fascinant\u0103\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen tradi\u0163ia oral\u0103 sau scris\u0103 a multor popoare g\u0103sim povestiri despre insule paradisiace, vr\u0103jite, plutitoare, pierdute \u015fi reg\u0103site, locuite de mon\u015ftri, ad\u0103postind comori etc; uneori, aceste legende v\u0103desc elemente comune, \u00een ciuda distan\u0163elor enorme ce despart locurile lor de origine; ... 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