{"id":15774,"date":"2010-12-05T23:49:07","date_gmt":"2010-12-05T20:49:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=15774"},"modified":"2010-12-05T23:49:07","modified_gmt":"2010-12-05T20:49:07","slug":"cum-au-fost-macelariti-catarii-calugarii-budisti-in-straie-de-crestini","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cum-au-fost-macelariti-catarii-calugarii-budisti-in-straie-de-crestini\/","title":{"rendered":"Cum au fost m\u0103cel\u0103ri\u0163i catarii, c\u0103lug\u0103rii budi\u015fti \u00een straie de cre\u015ftini"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>O doctrin\u0103 periculoas\u0103 apare \u00een Fran\u0163a Evului Mediu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Raymond al VI-lea (1156-1222), conte de Toulouse, era un prin\u0163 puternic \u015fi bogat din Fran\u0163a. Leg\u0103turile lui cu Biserica erau mai degrab\u0103 proaste. Domnea peste o curte str\u0103lucitoare \u015fi o civiliza\u0163ie rafinat\u0103, plasat\u0103 sub semnul toleran\u0163ei \u015fi al artei. Se urm\u0103rea emanciparea felului de via\u0163\u0103, ridicarea omului deasupra condi\u0163iei lui sociale, la mare cinste fiind osteneala de a pl\u0103cea \u015fi a \u00eenc\u00e2nta. Libertatea spiritului se \u00eentindea p\u00e2n\u0103 la libertatea con\u015ftiin\u0163ei.<\/p>\n

\u015ei totu\u015fi, \u00een acest mediu optimist, plin de via\u0163\u0103 \u015fi de bucuria de a tr\u0103i, se va na\u015fte brusc, apoi se va dezvolta cu o vitez\u0103 fulger\u0103toare o doctrin\u0103 melancolic\u0103, ascetic\u0103, o tendin\u0163\u0103 violent\u0103 spre mortificare \u015fi respingere a lumii noastre, a p\u0103m\u00e2ntului nostru, a universului nostru vizibil. Un adev\u0103rat acces de febr\u0103, care avea s\u0103 \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nte Europa \u015fi \u00eei va produce at\u00e2ta team\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t, pentru a sc\u0103pa de ea, a o ucide din fa\u015f\u0103, va atrage asupra-i Inchizi\u0163ia cea mai hot\u0103r\u00e2t\u0103, represaliile cele mai feroce. Care era aceast\u0103 doctrin\u0103 \u00een fa\u0163a c\u0103reia tremurau Vaticanul \u015fi cre\u015ftin\u0103tatea, fiind gata s\u0103 compromit\u0103 lenta \u015fi laborioasa gesta\u0163ie a na\u0163iunii franceze?<\/p>\n

Catarismul, o doctrin\u0103 inspirat\u0103 de budism<\/strong><\/p>\n

Catarismul a re\u0163inut c\u00e2teva formule cre\u015ftine \u015fi a comentat \u00een felul lui Evangheliile, dar, de fapt, se inspira din budism. La \u00eenceputul\u00a0 secolului al XIII-lea,\u00a0 \u00eencepeau\u00a0 s\u0103 fie \u00eent\u00e2lni\u0163i pe drumurile Languedocului ni\u015fte oameni \u00eenve\u015fm\u00e2nta\u0163i \u00een negru, oprindu-se adesea \u00een cale ca s\u0103-i ajute pe cei afla\u0163i \u00een nevoie,\u00a0 s\u0103-i \u00eengrijeasc\u0103 pe bolnavi,\u00a0 s\u0103 consoleze durerile. Peste tot erau privi\u0163i cu respect. Ce predicau ei? C\u0103 lumea era \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it\u0103 \u00eentre spirit \u015fi materie. C\u0103 Dumnezeul binelui crease spiritul, c\u0103 Dumnezeul r\u0103ului crease materia. O doctrin\u0103 uimitoare!<\/p>\n

Satana p\u0103trunde \u00een cer. Se duce \u015fi \u00eenrobe\u015fte \u00eengerii \u015fi-i face s\u0103 cad\u0103 pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt: \u00eei materializeaz\u0103. Dar, \u00een cer, continu\u0103 s\u0103 se lupte cu \u00eengerii care i-au rezistat, cu cei care au r\u0103mas fideli. Nu a reu\u015fit s\u0103-i \u00eenving\u0103, pentru c\u0103 sunt prin natura lor indisolubil lega\u0163i de Dumnezeu \u015fi de bine. \u00cengerii captura\u0163i de Satana sunt p\u0103stra\u0163i \u015fi introdu\u015fi \u00een corpuri pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce se produc actele carnale. Se vor reincarna, fie sub form\u0103 animal\u0103, fie sub form\u0103 omeneasc\u0103.<\/p>\n

F\u0103r\u0103 carne…f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eenjur\u0103turi…trupul era \u00eenjosit…<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dumnezeu, dup\u0103 concep\u0163ia catarilor, a p\u0103r\u0103sit a\u015fadar p\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Catarii aveau episcopii lor: \u201eperfec\u0163ii”. Ace\u015ftia erau expu\u015fi unei morale extrem de riguroase. Orice act trupesc le era interzis. Omuciderea era un p\u0103cat, la\u015fitatea \u00een fa\u0163a suferin\u0163ei \u015fi mor\u0163ii, de asemenea. Nu aveau voie s\u0103 mint\u0103, nici s\u0103 \u00eenjure. Nu puteau m\u00e2nca niciun fel de carne \u015fi posteau adesea numai cu p\u00e2ine \u015fi ap\u0103. Dispre\u0163uiau trupul, se rugau \u015fi meditau mult. Uitau de ei, \u00een profitul aproapelui. Simplii credincio\u015fi nu erau obliga\u0163i s\u0103 respecte aceste reguli, ceea ce explic\u0103 \u00een bun\u0103 parte succesul doctrinei. Muribunzii puteau s\u0103-\u015fi r\u0103scumpere p\u0103catele dintr-odat\u0103, trec\u00e2nd la aceast\u0103 religie \u00een pragul mor\u0163ii. Un exemplu faimos de \u201eperfect” este acel \u0163\u0103ran care, dispre\u0163uind actul sinuciderii, ajunsese s\u0103 nege, \u00een via\u0163\u0103 fiind, carnea lui inutil\u0103, \u015fi r\u0103m\u0103sese mai mul\u0163i ani, a\u015fezat pe o banc\u0103, \u00een fa\u0163a u\u015fii lui, \u00eentr-o \u00eencremenire de piatr\u0103. Venea lumea \u00een pelerinaj s\u0103-l vad\u0103.<\/p>\n

Biserica roman\u0103 era dur atacat\u0103 de catari. \u015ei doctrina f\u0103cea \u00een Midi (sudul Fran\u0163ei) progrese fulger\u0103toare. Ea beneficia de largul spirit de toleran\u0163\u0103, precum \u015fi de lipsa de popularitate a demnitarilor Bisericii, care \u00ee\u015fi etalau luxul \u015fi uneori m\u00e2r\u015f\u0103viile. Preo\u0163ii s\u0103raci tr\u0103iau adesea \u00een bun\u0103 \u00een\u0163elegere cu ereticii. La primele pl\u00e2ngeri venite la Roma, ace\u015ftia au r\u0103spuns: – Suntem obliga\u0163i s\u0103 m\u0103rturisim c\u0103 se comport\u0103 foarte cinstit.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Papa<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>
Papa Inocentiu al III-lea<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Biserica \u015fi noul pap\u0103, Inocen\u0163iu al III-lea, hot\u0103r\u00e2\u0163i s\u0103 pun\u0103 cap\u0103t ereziei<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar Biserica, \u00eengrijorat\u0103 de a-\u015fi vedea autoritatea fisur\u00e2ndu-se din ce \u00een ce mai mult \u00een fa\u0163a societ\u0103\u0163ii pe care o domina, nu putea s\u0103 stea mult\u0103 vreme f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 reac\u0163ioneze. Ea a g\u0103sit omul energic, nest\u0103p\u00e2nit, de care avea nevoie: un pap\u0103 de treizeci \u015fi \u015fapte de ani – Inocen\u0163iu al III-lea (1161-1216).<\/p>\n

Inocen\u0163iu al III-lea a vrut de la \u00eenceput s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 persuasiunea \u015fi s\u0103 contraatace pe terenul religiei. Destinul i-a oferit \u00een acest scop un om senza\u0163ional: Sf\u00e2ntul Dominic. Precum \u201eperfec\u0163ii”, Sf\u00e2ntul Dominic b\u0103tea drumurile, se hr\u0103nea cu pu\u0163in\u0103 sup\u0103 \u015fi se culca sub cerul liber. Ajungea \u00een sate \u015fi se adresa popula\u0163iei eretice, care \u00eei aprecia curajul, pasiunea, abnega\u0163ia. Dar opera Sf\u00e2ntului a fost brusc sf\u0103r\u00e2mat\u0103 \u015fi cursul istoriei accelerat \u00een mod brutal de un incident.<\/p>\n

\u00cencepe masacrul asupra catarilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen ziua de 14 ianuarie 1208, \u00eentr-un mic sat de pe malul Ronului, un gentilom al contelui de Toulouse s-a luat la har\u0163\u0103 cu legatul papei \u015fi l-a ucis cu o lovitur\u0103 de pumnal. Acesta va fi semnul noii\u00a0 cruciade, numit\u0103 a albigenzilor, pentru c\u0103 primele condamn\u0103ri pentru erezie au fost pronun\u0163ate de Biseric\u0103 \u00een dioceza Albi \u00een 1161. Cavalerii din Nord, condu\u015fi de Simon de Monfort (1160-1218) \u015fi lupt\u00e2nd \u00een numele papei, s-au n\u0103pustit asupra Sudului. Nu to\u0163i erau c\u0103l\u0103uzi\u0163i de credin\u0163a lor cre\u015ftin\u0103. Ocazia era bun\u0103 pentru a pune m\u00e2na pe bog\u0103\u0163iile acelui Languedoc prosper \u015fi \u00eensorit.<\/p>\n

\u00cen aceast\u0103 ac\u0163iune, spiritul de cucerire se \u00eengem\u0103na cu cel de inchizi\u0163ie. Totul era \u00eeng\u0103duit pentru exterminarea, odat\u0103 pentru totdeauna, a acestor du\u015fmani ai Domnului \u015fi, \u00een acela\u015fi timp, pentru supunerea prin\u0163ilor m\u00e2ndri \u015fi rafina\u0163i care \u00eei sus\u0163ineau. Armata lui Simon de Monfort s-a reunit la Lyon, a cobor\u00e2t spre Occitania pe Ron \u015fi a asediat Beziers, ora\u015ful vicontelui Trenceval. Opt mii de persoane – catari \u015fi catolici – au fost masacrate \u00een biserica Madeleine.<\/p>\n

Omor\u00e2\u0163i-i pe to\u0163i, Dumnezeu \u00eei va recunoa\u015fte pe ai lui!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Simon de Monfort, \u00eentreb\u00e2ndu-l pe legatul papei pe cine trebuie s\u0103 ucid\u0103, cum s\u0103-i deosebeasc\u0103 pe bunii cre\u015ftini de eretici, a auzit r\u0103spunz\u00e2ndu-i-se prin celebra fraz\u0103:
\n– Omor\u00e2\u0163i-i pe to\u0163i, Dumnezeu \u00eei va recunoa\u015fte pe ai lui.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cen ziua de 1 august 1208, a avut loc asediul ora\u015fului Carcassone. Din 1209 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1211, Simon de Monfort \u015fi-a continuat metodic cucerirea. \u00cen anul 1212, nu-i mai r\u0103m\u0103seser\u0103 dec\u00e2t Toulouse \u015fi Montauban.<\/p>\n

Cucerirea final\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1216, Toulouse s-a revoltat. Simon de Monfort a devastat o parte din ora\u015f, dar nu l-a putut cuceri. \u00cen ziua de 25 iunie 1218, o piatr\u0103 aruncat\u0103 de pe zidul de ap\u0103rare l-a lovit de moarte pe \u015feful cavalerilor din Nord. Cruciada feudal\u0103 s-a terminat. Va \u00eencepe cucerirea regal\u0103. P\u0103m\u00e2ntul occitan, care se putuse crede salvat, rezist\u00e2nd invaziei Nordului, va c\u0103dea \u00een m\u00e2inile lui Ludovic al VII-lea, regele Fran\u0163ei. Apoi urmeaz\u0103 Sf\u00e2ntul Ludovic, care va pune cap\u0103t crizei. Fran\u0163a de Sud \u015fi Fran\u0163a de Nord, dup\u0103 o expresie impresionant\u0103 a ducelui de Levis-Mirepoix, \u00ee\u015fi deschidea, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u015fit, una alteia bra\u0163ele \u00eens\u00e2ngerate.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O doctrin\u0103 periculoas\u0103 apare \u00een Fran\u0163a Evului Mediu Raymond al VI-lea (1156-1222), conte de Toulouse, era un prin\u0163 puternic \u015fi bogat din Fran\u0163a. Leg\u0103turile lui cu Biserica erau mai degrab\u0103 proaste. Domnea peste o curte str\u0103lucitoare \u015fi o civiliza\u0163ie rafinat\u0103, … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15775,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[253,3226,211,202,1532,97,453],"class_list":["post-15774","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-biserica","tag-catari","tag-crestinism","tag-franta","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-papa","tag-rege","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nCum au fost m\u0103cel\u0103ri\u0163i catarii, c\u0103lug\u0103rii budi\u015fti \u00een straie de cre\u015ftini - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cum-au-fost-macelariti-catarii-calugarii-budisti-in-straie-de-crestini\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cum au fost m\u0103cel\u0103ri\u0163i catarii, c\u0103lug\u0103rii budi\u015fti \u00een straie de cre\u015ftini\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"O doctrin\u0103 periculoas\u0103 apare \u00een Fran\u0163a Evului Mediu Raymond al VI-lea (1156-1222), conte de Toulouse, era un prin\u0163 puternic \u015fi bogat din Fran\u0163a. 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