{"id":15745,"date":"2010-12-04T20:21:35","date_gmt":"2010-12-04T17:21:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=15745"},"modified":"2010-12-06T21:03:15","modified_gmt":"2010-12-06T18:03:15","slug":"nebunia-o-istorie-inedita-de-la-neanderthal-la-epoca-moderna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/nebunia-o-istorie-inedita-de-la-neanderthal-la-epoca-moderna\/","title":{"rendered":"Nebunia: o istorie inedit\u0103 de la Neanderthal la epoca modern\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Nebunia exista \u015fi la oamenii din Neanderthal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Maladiile psihice par s\u0103 existe, \u00een sensul cel mai concret al cuv\u00e2ntului, de c\u00e2nd lumea. Craniile australopitecilor \u015fi ale oamenilor de Neanderthal descoperite de antropologi poart\u0103 adesea urmele unor \u0163repana\u0163ii. Fire\u015fte, nu poate fi vorba de o interven\u0163ie cu caracter \u201emedical”, ci, a\u015fa cum se presupune, de o porti\u0163\u0103 deschis\u0103 \u201eduhului r\u0103u” din mintea bolnavului, pentru a-l l\u0103sa s\u0103 ias\u0103 de acolo \u015fi a permite \u00eens\u0103n\u0103to\u015firea celui chinuit. Din rondelele de os astfel ob\u0163inute, se confec\u0163ionau amulete folosite pentru a conjura \u201epiaza rea”.<\/p>\n

Boala, consecin\u0163a m\u00e2niei zeilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Odat\u0103 cu apari\u0163ia primelor civiliza\u0163ii \u015fi a religiilor respective, boala – indiferent dac\u0103 este fizic\u0103 sau mintal\u0103 – apare ca \u201eo consecin\u0163\u0103 a m\u00e2niei zeilor”. Ideea se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u015fte la asirieni, ca \u015fi la egiptenii dinastiei memfice, \u00een Africa central\u0103 \u015fi \u00een arhipelagul malaiez, \u00een Anzi \u015fi \u00een Grecia antic\u0103. Pentru a \u00eembuna divinit\u0103\u0163ile susceptibile \u015fi r\u0103zbun\u0103toare, oamenii le adresau rugi \u015fi le ofereau sacrificii de natur\u0103 s\u0103 le c\u00e2\u015ftige bun\u0103voin\u0163a.<\/p>\n

Incanta\u0163ia prin care se alungau spiritele rele din copiii afecta\u0163i de nebunie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Formula prin care se alungau spiritele rele din copiii afecta\u0163i de tulbur\u0103ri fizice sau psihice \u00een Egipt, pe vremea faraonilor, a str\u0103b\u0103tut mileniile, pentru a ajunge intact\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, ca o incanta\u0163ie care vibreaz\u0103 de un intens fior poetic:<\/p>\n

„Du-te tu, cel care vii din bezn\u0103,
\nTu cel cu nasul c\u00e2rmit \u00eenapoi
\n\u015ei chipul r\u0103sucit de-andaratelea,
\nTu, care nu \u015ftii la ce bun ai venit.
\nVenit-ai s\u0103-mi s\u0103ru\u0163i copilul?
\nNu \u0163i-l voi da la s\u0103rutat.
\nVenit-ai s\u0103-l adormi?
\nTe voi opri s\u0103-i faci vreun r\u0103u
\nVenit-ai ca s\u0103-l iei cu tine?<\/em>
\nNu \u0163i-l voi da, nici \u00een ruptul capului.<\/em>
\n\u00cempotriv\u0103-\u0163i el are un talisman.<\/em>
\nF\u0103cut din r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 de alfa,<\/em>
\nDin ceap\u0103 \u015fi din miere.”<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Nabucodonosor,<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>
Nabucodonosor, regele nebun<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nebunul…re\u00eencarnarea unui om p\u0103c\u0103tos; regele Babilonului m\u00e2nca f\u00e2n de nebun ce era<\/strong><\/p>\n

Treptat, bolile fizice, care se traduceau prin simptome concrete (febr\u0103, durere, erup\u0163ii etc), au ie\u015fit de sub \u201ejurisdic\u0163ia” dumnezeirii si au trecut \u00een cea a medicinei laice. Dar maladiile mintale au continuat s\u0103 fie un monopol al vracilor \u015fi preo\u0163ilor care le foloseau ca mijloace pentru \u00eensp\u00e2im\u00e2ntarea credincio\u015filor sau, \u015fi mai prozaic, ca surse de profituri.<\/p>\n

\u00cen „Elada”<\/em>, epilepsia era socotit\u0103 o pedeapsa divin\u0103, iar delirul un dar venit din Olimp. \u00cen India, nebunul era considerat ca re\u00eencarnarea unui om plin de p\u0103cate, pe care le isp\u0103\u015fea \u00een cea de-a doua existen\u0163\u0103 a sa. Nabucodonosor, regele Babilonului, a fost pedepsit de Dumnezeu pentru crimele sale \u015fi a c\u0103zut prad\u0103 demen\u0163ei, m\u00e2nc\u00e2nd… f\u00e2n \u00een convingerea c\u0103 se hr\u0103ne\u015fte cu carne \u015fi l\u0103s\u00e2ndu-\u015fi p\u0103rul s\u0103 creasc\u0103 \u201eprecum penele unui vultur”.<\/p>\n

\u00cen Grecia antic\u0103, nebunii se vindecau prin practicile miraculoase ale preo\u0163ilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen secolul lui Pericle, confedera\u0163ia atenian\u0103 atinsese apogeul civiliza\u0163iei. Filozofia lui Socrate \u015fi a sofi\u015ftilor, crea\u0163iile dramatice ale lui Sofocle \u015fi Euripide, capodoperele sculpturale ale lui Fidias, lucr\u0103rile istorice ale lui Tucidide \u015fi Herodot f\u0103ceau din Atena centrul luminos ai lumii antice.<\/p>\n

Aflat\u0103 \u00eentr-un stadiu abia incipient, medicina \u00ee\u015fi avea totu\u015fi un zeu propriu: pe Asclepios (Esculap), fiul lui Apolo, me\u015fter priceput \u00een t\u0103m\u0103duirea r\u0103nilor. Templele \u00eenchinate lui erau \u00een acela\u015fi timp un fel de spitale (unde bolnavii \u00ee\u015fi puteau petrece nop\u0163ile, ziua fiind \u00eens\u0103 obliga\u0163i s\u0103 \u201emearg\u0103 unde v\u0103d cu ochii”) \u015fi de \u015fcoli medicale (unde \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103ceii veneau s\u0103 asimileze miraculoasele principii terapeutice ale medicului din Olimp). \u00cen r\u00e2ndul nebunilor, care \u00ee\u015fi aveau locul \u00een imediata apropiere a sanctuarului, vindec\u0103rile erau uneori spectaculoase, ca urmare probabil a \u015focului psihic provocat de ceremoniile \u015fi practicile misterioase ale preo\u0163ilor.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Hipocrat,<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>
Hipocrat, medicul care a descoperit ca epilepsia are cauze naturale<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hipocrat: epilepsia nu este boal\u0103 sf\u00e2nt\u0103!<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen insula Kos era un templu (Asclepieion), care se bucura de o excelent\u0103 reputa\u0163ie printre \u015fcolile medicale. Acolo a \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at, cu aproape cinci secole \u00ee.Hr., t\u00e2n\u0103rul Hipocrat, vl\u0103starul unei familii care pretindea c\u0103 este urma\u015fa direct\u0103 a lui Asclepios. Dup\u0103 ce a absolvit \u201ecursurile” predate la templu, el a devenit un periodent – medic ambulant – cutreier\u00e2nd Libia, Tesalia \u015fi Sci\u0163ia, acumul\u00e2nd cuno\u015ftin\u0163e clinice \u015fi \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 extrag\u0103 din observa\u0163iile pe care le f\u0103cea concluzii\u00a0 generalizatoare.<\/p>\n

Ridic\u00e2ndu-se \u00eempotriva str\u0103vechilor prejudec\u0103\u0163i, Hipocrat a fost cel dint\u00e2i care a comb\u0103tut p\u0103rerea c\u0103 epilepsia ar fi o \u201eboal\u0103 sf\u00e2nt\u0103”, afirm\u00e2nd: \u201eAceast\u0103 boala nu este nici sf\u00e2nt\u0103, nici divin\u0103, ea are o cauz\u0103 natural\u0103, ca \u015fi celelalte afec\u0163iuni”. <\/em>Mai mult dec\u00e2t at\u00e2t, el a comb\u0103tut pe preo\u0163i \u015fi pe vraci, ar\u0103t\u00e2nd c\u0103 \u201ea da vina pe zei pentru o boal\u0103 \u00eenseamn\u0103 a ascunde neputin\u0163a noastr\u0103 de a o vindeca”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Clasificarea creat\u0103 de Hipocrat pentru maladiile mintale a r\u0103mas aproape \u00een \u00eentregime valabil\u0103 p\u00e2n\u00e2 \u00een ziua de ast\u0103zi. Citind felul cum zugr\u0103ve\u015fte el pe \u201ecei ce p\u0103timesc de melancolie” avem impresia c\u0103 asist\u0103m la prezentarea cazului unui contemporan al nostru care sufer\u0103 de o depresiune nervoas\u0103. Medicul din Kos a remarcat de asemenea c\u0103, la un nebun, o maladie ca dizenteria, hidropizia sau guturaiul poate vindeca demen\u0163a.<\/p>\n

\u00cennebunim datorit\u0103 creierului<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00centr-o epoc\u0103 \u00een care filozofii purtau dispute pentru a decide dac\u0103 sediul g\u00e2ndirii este \u00een inim\u0103 sau \u00een pl\u0103m\u00e2ni, Hipocrat\u00a0 a fost cel dint\u00e2i care a atribuit acest rol creierului. \u201eVis\u0103m, g\u00e2ndim \u015fi sim\u0163im \u00een creier”<\/em> scria el. „Tot datorit\u0103 lui, \u00eennebunim, delir\u0103m, suntem asalta\u0163i de spaime, fie atunci c\u00e2nd se las\u0103 noaptea, fie dup\u0103 r\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Romanii, preocupa\u0163i de nebuni<\/strong><\/p>\n

Romanii au acordat o mare aten\u0163ie nebuniei \u015fi nebunilor. Problema era abordat\u0103 frecvent de istorici, retori sau litera\u0163i ca Plutarh, Cicero, Lucre\u0163iu etc, care \u00eencetaser\u0103 s\u0103 mai considere maladiile mintale drept f\u0103c\u00e2nd parte din mitologie. Ceea ce nu \u00eensemna \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103, at\u00e2t \u00een explicarea cauzelor demen\u0163ei, c\u00e2t \u015fi \u00een tratamentul ei, nu abundau ideile cele mai fanteziste.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Nebun<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>
Nebun in lanturi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Savantul Celsius propunea punerea \u00een lan\u0163uri a nebunilor \u015fi biciuirea lor<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen secolul I d.Hr., Celsius, care nu era medic, dar poseda cuno\u015ftin\u0163e de o amploare enciclopedic\u0103, distingea trei categorii de afec\u0163iuni psihice: insapia (maniile \u015fi nebunia furioas\u0103), frenezia (un delir \u00eenso\u0163it totdeauna de febr\u0103) \u015fi halucina\u0163iile (vesele sau triste, permanente sau temporare). \u00cen tratamentul recomandat de Celsius intrau multe sugestii ra\u0163ionale, valabile \u015fi ast\u0103zi : igiena moral\u0103 \u015fi material\u0103 a vie\u0163ii, un regim dietetic c\u00e2t mai pu\u0163in \u00eenc\u0103rcat, exerci\u0163iile fizice \u015fi masajele…<\/p>\n

Acestor \u00een\u0163elepte indica\u0163ii cu caracter terapeutic li se ad\u0103ugau altele, mai pu\u0163in inspirate: punerea \u00een lan\u0163uri a nebunilor furio\u015fi, \u00eenfruntarea \u015fi biciuirea lor, aplicarea unui unguent de \u015fofran pe craniul ras ca \u00een palm\u0103 etc.<\/p>\n

Epilepsia tratat\u0103 cu s\u00e2ngele unui gladiator ucis \u00een aren\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Epoca roman\u0103 a marcat un pas \u00eenapoi fa\u0163a de apogeul atins de Hipocrat \u00een ceea ce prive\u015fte maladiile psihice \u015fi nervoase. Epilepsia a redevenit o boal\u0103 \u201esf\u00e2nt\u0103”, care st\u00e2rnea spaima \u015fi era tratat\u0103 cu o medica\u0163ie scornit\u0103 parc\u0103 ea \u00eens\u0103\u015fi de o minte bolnav\u0103: cu ap\u0103 luat\u0103 noaptea dintr-o f\u00e2nt\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi b\u0103ut\u0103 din craniul unui om mort prin asasinare, pic\u0103turi de s\u00e2nge din degetele picioarelor unei fecioare, m\u0103duva din femurul unui copil, un pahar cu s\u00e2nge ale unui gladiator recent ucis \u00een aren\u0103…<\/p>\n

Nebunia \u00ee\u015fi avea sediul \u00een stomac, iar la femei, \u00een uter…<\/strong><\/p>\n

Localizarea maladiilor mintale era la fel de fantezist\u0103. Ele erau socotite a-\u015fi avea originea \u00een… stomac (\u201epromotorul veseliei \u015fi triste\u0163ii, al curajului \u015fi demoraliz\u0103rii”), mai precis \u00een regiunea situat\u0103 imediat dedesubtul coastelor, \u00een hipocondri (de unde \u015fi termenul \u201eipohondrie”). Agita\u0163ia violent\u0103 \u015fi zgomotoas\u0103 a femeilor era pus\u0103 pe seama uterului (\u00een limba latin\u0103 hisrer, de unde \u015fi denumirea de \u201eisterie”).<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Medicul<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>
Medicul Galenus: "nebunia isi are originea in creier"<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Galenus, medicul care \u015fi-a dat seama c\u0103 nebunia se datoreaz\u0103 afect\u0103rii creierului<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar antichitatea roman\u0103 a avut \u015fi ea un mare medic – pe Galenus. N\u0103scut \u00een cetatea Pergam, din Asia, el a dob\u00e2ndit un imens prestigiu \u00een Cetatea Etern\u0103, fiind considerat drept mo\u015ftenitorul spiritual direct al lui Hipocrat \u015fi atribuindu-i-se scrierea a cinci sute de tratate. Galenus era de p\u0103rere c\u0103 fluxul vital care alimenteaz\u0103 \u00eentregul organism const\u0103 dintr-un spirit invizibil \u015fi subtil, pneuma, absorbit prin n\u0103ri, trecut prin pl\u0103m\u00e2ni, ajuns \u00een inim\u0103 \u015fi repartizat de acolo \u00een tot corpul. Formula nu e chiar at\u00e2t de absurd\u0103 cum pare la prima vedere: e suficient ca pneuma s\u0103 fie \u00eenlocuit\u0103 cu oxigenul, pentru a c\u0103p\u0103ta imaginea real\u0103, \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103, a metabolismului de baz\u0103.<\/p>\n

Galenus a preluat teza lui Hipocrat cu privire la creier ca sediu al g\u00e2ndirii \u015fi deci al celor mai multe dintre tulbur\u0103rile mintale. Dar el a mers mai departe dec\u00e2t predecesorul s\u0103u, introduc\u00e2nd, pentru prima oar\u0103 \u00een\u00a0 istoria medicinei, experimentul pe animale: deschiz\u00e2nd craniul unui porc viu, Galenus a constatat c\u0103 ap\u0103sarea exercitat\u0103 asupra creierului duce la pierderea sensibilit\u0103\u0163ii \u015fi a func\u0163iilor motorii.<\/p>\n

Poate c\u0103 cea mai important\u0103 contribu\u0163ie a lui Galenus \u00een domeniul psihiatriei este afirma\u0163ia c\u0103 orice maladie mintal\u0103 e determinat\u0103 de afectarea direct\u0103 sau indirect\u0103 a creierului. La \u015fapte sute de ani dup\u0103 Hipocrat, medicul roman ajungea la aceea\u015fi concluzie ca \u015fi el: \u00een ceea ce privea demen\u0163a, zeii nu aveau nicio vin\u0103 \u015fi niciun merit.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"O<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>
O nebuna arsa pe rug<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nebunii \u00een Evul Mediu: tortura\u0163i \u015fi ar\u015fi de viu, pentru evacuarea diavolilor din ei<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen Europa, Evul Mediu a adus lunga sa noapte \u015fi pe t\u0103r\u00e2mul cercet\u0103rii medicale. Sub influen\u0163a Bisericii Catolice \u015fi a supersti\u0163iilor cultivate de ea, nebunii au fost asimila\u0163i vr\u0103jitorilor \u015fi trata\u0163i \u00een consecin\u0163\u0103: \u00eenl\u0103n\u0163uirea de pere\u0163ii umezi din celulele subterane, tortura \u015fi arderea de viu erau procedeele cele mai curente pentru \u201eevacuarea” diavolilor din trupurile aliena\u0163ilor mintali. \u201eVindec\u0103rile” \u00eenregistrate de cronici erau puse pe seama sfin\u0163ilor \u015fi a \u201eintermediarilor” lor, fiind vorba, dup\u0103 toate probabilit\u0103\u0163ile, de nevroze care ap\u0103reau \u015fi disp\u0103reau ca urmare a unor \u015focuri emotive puternice.<\/p>\n

\u00cen Anglia, nebunii erau uci\u015fi cu ciocanul \u00een cap<\/strong><\/p>\n

Burgurile medievale se temeau de demen\u0163i, pe care, dac\u0103 nu se \u00eendurau s\u0103-i omoare, se str\u0103duiau cel pu\u0163in s\u0103-i izoleze de restul popula\u0163iei. \u00cen Germania au fost create pretutindeni celebrele \u201eturnuri ale nebunilor” (Narrenturmer). La Nurnberg a luat fiin\u0163\u0103, \u00een 1460, o \u201ec\u0103su\u0163\u0103” destinata lor (Narrenh\u0103uslein), care sem\u0103na \u00eens\u0103 mai mult cu o temni\u0163\u0103 dec\u00e2t cu un ospiciu.<\/p>\n

Sco\u0163ienii erau mai expeditivi, arunc\u00e2nd pe aliena\u0163ii mintali \u00een \u201epu\u0163urile delirului” (frenzy wells), \u00een vreme ce englezii \u00eei ucideau, lovindu-i \u00een cap cu malleus maleficarum (\u201eciocanul r\u0103uf\u0103c\u0103torilor”, destinat \u00eendeob\u015fte vr\u0103jitoarelor). \u00cen Fran\u0163a, bolnavii cu tulbur\u0103ri psihice erau pu\u015fi \u00een lan\u0163uri \u015fi l\u0103sa\u0163i astfel p\u00e2n\u0103 ce sfin\u0163ii se milostiveau s\u0103 fac\u0103 un miracol \u00een favoarea lor. \u00cen r\u00e2ndurile sfin\u0163ilor exista o veritabil\u0103 specializare, fiecare dintre ei ocup\u00e2ndu-se de o anume afec\u0163iune: Sf\u00e2ntul Leonard vindeca epilepsia, Sf\u00e2ntul Avertin delirul, Sf\u00e2ntul Cado pierderile de cuno\u015ftin\u0163\u0103, Sf\u00e2ntul Gorgon melancolia \u015f.a.m.d.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\""Vasul<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>
"Vasul nebunilor" pictura de Jheronimus Bosch<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Vasele nebunilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Practica cea mai curent\u0103 \u015fi cea mai la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103 era \u00eens\u0103 expulzarea nebunilor din localitatea respectiv\u0103. Bolnavii erau \u00eembarca\u0163i pe faimoasele \u201evase ale nebunilor” pictate de Branett \u015fi Hieronymus Bosch; pe mare, vasele erau l\u0103sate \u00een voia soartei, ceea ce \u00eensemna condamnarea la moarte printr-un naufragiu inevitabil; pe Rin sau pe alte mari fluvii, \u015flepurile \u00een care erau \u00eenchi\u015fi demen\u0163ii lunecau \u00eencet, oprindu-se \u00een unele porturi, izgonite din altele \u015f\u00ee debarc\u00e2ndu-\u015fi \u00een cele din urm\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tura uman\u0103 pe un mal pustiu sau \u00een c\u00e2te o p\u0103dure ce ajungea p\u00e2n\u0103 la marginea apei.<\/p>\n

Orientalii \u015fi Europa r\u0103s\u0103ritean\u0103 mult mai bl\u00e2nzi cu nebunii dec\u00e2t „civilizatorii” occidentali<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen v\u0103dit contrast cu procedeele barbare ale \u201eciviliza\u0163iei” Europei occidentale, \u00een r\u0103s\u0103ritul continentului nostru \u015fi \u00een Orientul Apropiat \u015fi Mijlociu maladiile psihice erau tratate cu incomparabil mai mult\u0103 \u00een\u0163elegere omeneasc\u0103 \u015fi competen\u0163\u0103 medical\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen Bizan\u0163, xenodocul, o fericit\u0103 \u00eembinare de spital \u015fi azil pentru s\u0103raci, primea cu destul\u0103 u\u015furin\u0163\u0103 aliena\u0163i mintali, \u00eendruma\u0163i acolo de oameni special \u00eens\u0103rcina\u0163i cu depistarea lor.<\/p>\n

Aer condi\u0163ionat \u00een spitalele de nebuni!<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen secolul al VII-lea d.Hr., c\u00e2nd au cucerit Persia, Siria \u015fi Egiptul, intr\u00e2nd \u00een contact cu aceste str\u0103vechi leag\u0103ne ale civiliza\u0163iei, arabii au preluat \u015fi dezvoltat multe din tradi\u0163iile \u015fi cuno\u015ftin\u0163ele relativ \u00eenaintate pe t\u0103r\u00e2mul medicinei care se p\u0103straser\u0103 acolo. Gra\u0163ie lor, au fost traduse (\u015fi transmise Europei) \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103turile lui Hipocrat \u015fi tratatele lui Galenus. La Ispahan, Alep, Damasc \u015fi apoi \u00een toata Africa de Nord \u015fi \u00een Spania, spitalele s-au \u00eenmul\u0163it, fiecare din ele av\u00e2nd sec\u0163ii rezervate special nebunilor. Unul dintre cele mai mari a\u015fez\u0103minte de acest fel a fost \u00eentemeiat \u00een 875 la Postat, nu departe de actualul Cairo, unde un spital similar a fost creat \u00een 1280. Sec\u0163ia aliena\u0163ilor mintali avea aici \u015fi un fel de instala\u0163ie de aer condi\u0163ionat, realizat\u0103 cu ajutorul f\u00e2nt\u00e2nilor arteziene.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Medic<\/a><\/strong>
Medic din familia Bakti\u015fu la curtea unui calif<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Vindec\u0103rile psihiatrice ale familiei de medici Bakti\u015fu<\/strong><\/p>\n

La Bagdad, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al VIII-lea, familia Bakti\u015fu a p\u0103strat, vreme de 250 de ani (unii istorici spun c\u0103 a fost vorba chiar de 500 de ani), func\u0163ia – plin\u0103 de onoruri, dar \u015fi de primejdii – de a veghea la s\u0103n\u0103tatea califilor. Transmi\u0163\u00e2ndu-\u015fi din tat\u0103 \u00een fiu secretele profesionale, medicii \u201edinastiei” Bakti\u015fu au acordat mult\u0103 aten\u0163ie psihiatriei. Unul din marile lor succese a fost vindecarea favoritei lui Harun al-Ra\u015fid de o paralizie de natur\u0103 isteric\u0103. Intimitatea lor cu califii era at\u00e2t de mare, \u00eenc\u00e2t \u00ee\u015fi puteau permite, f\u0103r\u0103 risc, ie\u015firile cele mai \u00eendr\u0103zne\u0163e fa\u0163\u0103 de temu\u0163ii st\u00e2p\u00e2nitori\u00a0\u00a0 ai lumii arabe.<\/p>\n

Cum se recunoa\u015fte un nebun? Dup\u0103 cum rupe m\u00e2neca slugii sale<\/strong><\/p>\n

Se poveste\u015fte, astfel, c\u0103 \u00eentr-o zi str\u0103nepotul lui Gabriel Bakti\u015fu, \u00eentemeietorul \u201edinastiei”,\u00a0 st\u0103tea de vorb\u0103 cu califul pe care-l slujea. Om foarte nervos, monarhul \u00eei tr\u0103gea mereu de caftan, p\u00e2n\u0103 ce m\u00e2neca ve\u015fm\u00e2ntului se rupse. Tocmai atunci, urma\u015ful profetului Mahomed punea \u00eentrebarea:
\n– Dup\u0103 ce semn se cunoa\u015fte c\u0103 un nebun a devenit primejdios \u015fi c\u0103 trebuie internat?
\n– Dup\u0103 faptul c\u0103 rupe m\u00e2neca slugii sale,<\/em> r\u0103spunse calm medicul.
\nIar califul, \u00een loc s\u0103-l pedepseasc\u0103, \u00eei d\u0103rui o pung\u0103 cu \u0163echini de aur.<\/p>\n

Nebunia nu-\u015fi are sediul \u00een intestine!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Un alt medic arab, stabilit \u00een Tunisia, I\u015faz Ibn-Imran, a scris un tratat despre melancolie \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een secolul al VIII-lea, iar unul dintre cei mai celebri terapeu\u0163i ai epocii, Rhazes, care a tr\u0103it mult\u0103 vreme la Cairo \u015fi a ajuns p\u00e2n\u0103 la Madrid, s-a ocupat \u00een mod deosebit de aliena\u0163ii mintali. Elevul s\u0103u, Ibn-Sina, cunoscut \u00een Europa sub numele de Avicenna, a l\u0103sat un \u201eCanon al medicinei”, \u00een care prelua multe din principiile lui Galenus. Practic\u00e2nd \u00een secolul al XII-lea medicina \u00een provincia spaniol\u0103 Andaluzia, Avenzoor, adept al lui Avicenna, a ap\u0103rat teza localiz\u0103rii cerebrale a nebuniei, spre deosebire de opiniile curente pe atunci, care o atribuiau unor deranjamente ale splinei sau intestinelor.<\/p>\n

Nevrozele se trateaz\u0103 cu practicarea c\u0103l\u0103riei?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rena\u015fterea nu a adus practic niciun progres din punct de vedere al psihiatriei. Abia \u00een secolul al XVII-lea, omenirea avea s\u0103 fac\u0103 un pas \u00eenainte \u00een aceast\u0103 privin\u0163\u0103, datorit\u0103 lui Bacon, care a impus metoda experimental\u0103, lui Harvey, care a descoperit circula\u0163ia sanguin\u0103, \u015fi lui Descartes, care a relevat asem\u0103n\u0103rile organismului uman cu o ma\u015fin\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u201eLunaticii” au \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie considera\u0163i drept bolnavi la r\u00e2nd cu to\u0163i ceilal\u0163i \u015fi Sydenham scria cu curaj c\u0103 \u201eposeda\u0163ii diavolului” nu sunt, de fapt, dec\u00e2t ni\u015fte s\u0103rmani epileptici sau nebuni, \u201ecare nu poart\u0103 vina maladiilor lor”. Aceasta nu reprezenta \u00eenc\u0103 o concep\u0163ie riguros \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103: nevrozele \u015fi depresiunile (numite \u201evapori”) erau puse pe seama unei digestii defectuoase, iar printre numeroasele tratamente recomandate se num\u0103rau siropul de mere, decoctul de coarne de cerb \u015fi… practicarea c\u0103l\u0103riei.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Nebuna<\/a><\/strong>
Nebuna din spitalul din Salpetriere<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nebunii…ar\u015fi cu fierul ro\u015fu pe pielea capului<\/strong><\/p>\n

Demen\u0163ilor li s-au rezervat spitale sau pavilioane speciale (denumite aziluri sau ospicii), unde regimul era adesea mai inuman dec\u00e2t \u00een temni\u0163e: bolnavii erau lega\u0163i \u00een lan\u0163uri, l\u0103sa\u0163i s\u0103 fl\u0103m\u00e2nzeasc\u0103, b\u0103tu\u0163i cu biciul \u015fi ar\u015fi cu fierul ro\u015fu pe pielea capului. La Paris, Salpetriere era cel mai mare ospiciu din Europa secolului al XVII-lea: 7000-8000 de femei \u015fi copii se stingeau acolo de foame \u015fi boli, obliga\u0163i s\u0103 munceasc\u0103 14 ore pe zi \u015fi s\u0103 se roage alte \u015fase. Acelea\u015fi condi\u0163ii domneau la azilul Bedlam, din Anglia, unde nebunii erau lega\u0163i noaptea de pat, iar ziua de bancul de lucru din atelier.<\/p>\n

Expozi\u0163ie public\u0103 de vizitat nebuni…\u00een Germania!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ospiciul din Brunswick (Germania) nu se mul\u0163umea numai cu veniturile pe care i le aducea \u00een cursul s\u00e2pt\u0103m\u00e2nii munca demen\u0163ilor: duminica ei erau expu\u015fi \u00een b\u00e2lciuri, unde publicul putea s\u0103-i vad\u0103, contra plat\u0103, \u00een bar\u0103ci amenajate \u00een acest\u00a0 scop.<\/p>\n

Scoaterea nebunilor din lan\u0163uri: un gest simbolic<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abia \u00een 1793, la patru ani dup\u0103 Revolu\u0163ia francez\u0103, la spitalul parizian Bicetre, doctorul Philippe Pinel a luat m\u0103sura de a scoate lan\u0163urile \u00een care erau \u00eenc\u0103tu\u015fa\u0163i demen\u0163ii. Mul\u0163i dintre ei \u00ee\u015fi pierduser\u0103 definitiv for\u0163a muscular\u0103 \u015fi z\u0103ceau, incapabili s\u00e2 fac\u0103 o mi\u015fcare. Dar gestul eliberator al lui Pinel nu a avut numai o valoare simbolic\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ciuda st\u00eeng\u00e2ciilor, a \u015fov\u0103ielilor, a gre\u015felilor prin care avea s\u0103 mai treac\u0103, psihiatria a intrat, odat\u0103 cu secolul al XIX-lea, \u00een faza ei cu adev\u0103rat \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103. Nebunii \u00eencetau s\u0103 mai fie ni\u015fte p\u0103c\u0103to\u015fi asupra c\u0103rora se ab\u0103tuse m\u00e2nia cerului sau dragostea iadului \u015fi redeveneau ceea ce fuseser\u0103 din totdeauna – oameni bolnavi care trebuiau \u00eengriji\u0163i \u015fi, \u00een m\u0103sura posibilului, vindeca\u0163i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nebunia exista \u015fi la oamenii din Neanderthal Maladiile psihice par s\u0103 existe, \u00een sensul cel mai concret al cuv\u00e2ntului, de c\u00e2nd lumea. Craniile australopitecilor \u015fi ale oamenilor de Neanderthal descoperite de antropologi poart\u0103 adesea urmele unor \u0163repana\u0163ii. Fire\u015fte, nu poate … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15746,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[3770,120,452,3758,1654,2138,3766,3756,3771,1773,3764,3768,230,386,1420,3762,124,3761,202,3767,203,375,3769,3759,1564,116,3765,3763,9794,3760,291,809,2266,1485,3757,165,3772,453,1964,337,512,1002,2117,1613,968],"class_list":["post-15745","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicina","tag-aer-conditionat","tag-anglia","tag-arabi","tag-avicenna","tag-babilon","tag-bagdad","tag-biciuire","tag-cairo","tag-calarie","tag-calif","tag-celsius","tag-ciocan","tag-creier","tag-egipt","tag-epilepsie","tag-esculap","tag-evul-mediu","tag-fan","tag-franta","tag-galenus","tag-germania","tag-grecia","tag-hieronymus-bosch","tag-hipocrate","tag-imperiul-bizantin","tag-imperiul-roman","tag-lant","tag-medic","tag-medicina","tag-nabucodonosor","tag-nava","tag-neanderthal","tag-nebun","tag-nebunie","tag-ospiciu","tag-pictor","tag-psihiatrie","tag-rege","tag-sange","tag-sfant","tag-spital","tag-stomac","tag-tortura","tag-uter","tag-zeu","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nNebunia: o istorie inedit\u0103 de la Neanderthal la epoca modern\u0103 - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/nebunia-o-istorie-inedita-de-la-neanderthal-la-epoca-moderna\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nebunia: o istorie inedit\u0103 de la Neanderthal la epoca modern\u0103\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nebunia exista \u015fi la oamenii din Neanderthal Maladiile psihice par s\u0103 existe, \u00een sensul cel mai concret al cuv\u00e2ntului, de c\u00e2nd lumea. 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