{"id":14406,"date":"2010-09-19T21:38:21","date_gmt":"2010-09-19T18:38:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=14406"},"modified":"2010-09-26T09:08:14","modified_gmt":"2010-09-26T06:08:14","slug":"revolta-de-pe-nava-bounty-cea-mai-mare-rebeliune-a-secolului-al-xviii-lea","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/revolta-de-pe-nava-bounty-cea-mai-mare-rebeliune-a-secolului-al-xviii-lea\/","title":{"rendered":"Revolta de pe nava Bounty, cea mai mare rebeliune a secolului al XVIII-lea"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"revolta<\/a>Duminic\u0103, 23 decembrie 1787, o nav\u0103 sprinten\u0103 din flota Maiest\u0103\u0163ii Sale p\u0103r\u0103sea rada portului Portsmouth. Ambarca\u0163iunea cu trei catarge \u015fi p\u00e2nze albe era deservit\u0103 de un echipaj format din patruzeci \u015fi trei de oameni care ascultau ordinele unui t\u00e2n\u0103r locotenent de vas de treizeci \u015fi trei de ani, c\u0103pitanul William Bligh. Nava va str\u0103bate Marea M\u00e2necii \u015fi va p\u0103trunde \u00een Atlantic. Destina\u0163ia ei era Tahiti. Dar oamenii echipajului care priveau, cu un nod \u00een g\u00e2t, cum se \u00eendep\u0103rtau falezele engleze \u00eenc\u0103 nu \u015ftiau c\u0103 vor tr\u0103i o teribil\u0103, o extraordinar\u0103 aventur\u0103 \u015fi c\u0103 Bounty nu-\u015fi va revedea niciodat\u0103 patria.<\/p>\n

Arborele de p\u00e2ine \u00een Marea Caraibilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bounty fusese lansat la ap\u0103 ca s\u0103 vin\u0103 \u00een ajutor coloniilor Coroanei decimate de periodice crize de foamete. \u00cen cursul unei c\u0103l\u0103torii \u00een Tahiti, neobositul explorator James Cook descoperise fructele unui copac numit arborele de p\u00e2ine, care sem\u0103nau, dup\u0103 coacere, cu ni\u015fte p\u00e2ini rotunde, crocante la suprafa\u0163\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 moi \u015fi f\u0103inoase \u00een interior. Guvernul britanic a hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 trimit\u0103 spre Marea Caraibilor \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103turi cu ace\u015fti miraculo\u015fi arbori de p\u00e2ine. Pentru transportul lor fusese destinat Bounty.<\/p>\n

Maleficul c\u0103pitan Bligh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vasul care, \u00een interminabila c\u0103l\u0103torie de zece luni \u015fi trei zile, a trebuit s\u0103 fac\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 mai multor furtuni a cunoscut lipsa apei, bolile \u015fi, mai ales, cruzimea, r\u0103utatea gratuit\u0103 a c\u0103pitanului William Bligh. Pentru cea mai mic\u0103 gre\u015feal\u0103, Bligh pedepsea, interzicea hrana, ordona biciuirea, insulta, p\u0103lmuia. \u015ei, foarte repede, \u00eentreg echipajul a prins ur\u0103 pe acest c\u0103pitan r\u0103u.<\/p>\n

\"revolta<\/a>Se preg\u0103te\u015fte revolta…<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen ziua de 4 aprilie 1789, Bounty p\u0103r\u0103sea Tahiti dup\u0103 o escal\u0103 care durase cinci luni. Oamenii, \u00eenc\u00e2nta\u0163i de peisaj \u015fi clim\u0103, descoperiser\u0103 acel p\u0103m\u00e2nt de vis \u015fi b\u0103\u015ftina\u015fele z\u00e2mbitoare. \u00cen cala navei, care se av\u00e2nta din nou \u00een larg, 24 de l\u0103zi, 39 de cuve \u015fi 774 de ghivece mari de flori con\u0163ineau peste o mie de plante ale pre\u0163iosului arbore de p\u00e2ine. Vreme de dou\u0103zeci \u015fi patru de zile, Bounty a navigat \u00een direc\u0163ia Angliei, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een acea zi de 28 aprilie 1789, ora cinci diminea\u0163a.
\nPe nav\u0103 domnea calmul. C\u0103pitanul Bligh se odihnea \u00een cabina lui.<\/p>\n

C\u0103pitanul f\u0103cut prizonier<\/strong><\/p>\n

Matelotul Ellison, care \u0163inea c\u00e2rma, a v\u0103zut deodat\u0103 ivindu-se un grup de marinari condu\u015fi de Fletcher Christian, adjunctul secundului. Acesta \u0163inea \u00een m\u00e2ini un pistol \u015fi o sabie de abordaj. Era \u00eenconjurat de \u015fase-\u015fapte oameni din echipaj. Grupul amenin\u0163\u0103tor s-a \u00eendreptat spre cabina c\u0103pitanului. To\u0163i oamenii erau \u00eenarma\u0163i. O clip\u0103 mai t\u00e2rziu, grupul a invadat cabina c\u0103pitanului. Acesta, trezit cu brutalitate din somn, s-a ridicat \u00een capul oaselor \u015fi a strigat furios:
\n– Ce se petrece? Ce face\u0163i aici? Ce vre\u0163i?<\/em>
\nCu o voce alb\u0103, Fletcher Christian a r\u0103spuns:
\n– Nu face\u0163i nici un gest! Sunte\u0163i prizonierul meu!<\/em>
\nIar c\u00e2teva secunde mai t\u00e2rziu, c\u0103pitanul a \u00eenceput s\u0103 strige:
\n– M\u0103 omoar\u0103! M\u0103 omoar\u0103!<\/em><\/p>\n

Nou\u0103 oameni \u00eenfruntau echipajul de pe Bounty. T\u00e2n\u0103rul Fletcher Christian era acum singurul st\u0103p\u00e2n de la bordul vasului. \u00centr-un col\u0163 al cabinei, c\u0103pitanul Bligh, care strigase c\u0103 este omor\u00e2t c\u00e2nd sim\u0163ise m\u00e2inile oamenilor s\u0103i, fusese legat ca un colet. Spumega de furie \u015fi ochii lui aruncau fulgere.<\/p>\n

Ce se va \u00eent\u00e2mpla acum? O nav\u0103 \u00een plin\u0103 mare. Un c\u0103pitan detestat de to\u0163i, atacat de c\u00e2\u0163iva revolta\u0163i. Un caz banal de revolt\u0103, ve\u0163i spune. A\u015fa cum au fost cu miile pe toate m\u0103rile lumii. Da, este adev\u0103rat. \u015ei totu\u015fi: istoria revolta\u0163ilor de pe Bounty a pasionat genera\u0163ii \u00eentregi de marinari, de judec\u0103tori \u015fi publicul se \u00eenfioar\u0103 de dou\u0103 secole c\u00e2nd aude relatarea acestei aventuri. Poate din pricina personalit\u0103\u0163ii c\u0103pitanului Bligh, un om orgolios, irascibil, crud. Poate c\u0103 \u015fi personalitatea \u015fefului revolta\u0163ilor a contribuit cu ceva.<\/p>\n

Fletcher, t\u00e2n\u0103rul de 24 ani, liderul revolta\u0163ilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fletcher Christian era un t\u00e2n\u0103r de dou\u0103zeci \u015fi patru de ani, frumos \u015fi simpatic, cu un p\u0103r lung \u015fi blond care i se rev\u0103rsa pe umeri. Nu sem\u0103nau deloc cu corsarii hirsu\u0163i \u015fi brutali, a\u015fa cum ne place s\u0103 ne imagin\u0103m c\u0103 arat\u0103 revolta\u0163ii de pe un vas. \u015ei apoi, trebuie spus c\u0103 Fletcher a fost victima c\u0103pitanului. A fost insultat, pedepsit, b\u0103tut de Bligh pentru gre\u015feli ne\u00eensemnate. A suportat totul vreme de aproape cincisprezece luni f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 spun\u0103 nimic. Apoi, \u00eentr-o zi, \u00een acea zi de 28 aprilie 1789, s-a revoltat. \u015ei acum Bounty \u00eei apar\u0163ine, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu oamenii \u015fi \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tura lui. Dar ce va face cu c\u0103pitanul Bligh?<\/p>\n

Pe puntea vasului domnea o t\u0103cere plin\u0103 de tensiune. Fletcher s-a \u00eentors spre William Cole, \u015feful echipajului, \u015fi, dup\u0103 o ultim\u0103 privire aruncat\u0103 lui Bligh, i-a spus:
\n– Cobor\u00e2\u0163i o \u015falup\u0103 la ap\u0103!<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"William<\/a><\/strong>
William Bligh<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

C\u0103pitanul vasului, exilat pe o barc\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

O ambarca\u0163iune rudimentar\u0103 lung\u0103 de opt metri \u015fi lat\u0103 de doi a cobor\u00e2t \u00eencet p\u00e2n\u0103 pe valuri. \u00cen \u015falup\u0103 au fost aruncate buc\u0103\u0163i de carne s\u0103rat\u0103 de porc, p\u00e2ine, vin, rom \u015fi 127 de litri de ap\u0103 potabil\u0103. Apoi, Fletcher Christian le-a cerut oamenilor aduna\u0163i \u00een jurul lui s\u0103 aleag\u0103. Dac\u0103 erau solidari cu c\u0103pitanul lor, nu aveau dec\u00e2t s\u0103 plece cu aceasta, plutind \u00een deriv\u0103 \u00een mijlocul oceanului. Optsprezece oameni, majoritatea ofi\u0163eri, s-au \u00eenghesuit \u00een \u015falup\u0103 \u00een jurul c\u0103pitanului Bligh, \u00eenc\u0103 la fel de furios. Fletcher a poruncit s\u0103 li se dea naufragia\u0163ilor \u015fi o busol\u0103, un sextant \u015fi patru s\u0103bii de abordaj. Apoi \u00eencet, \u00eenso\u0163it\u0103 de injuriile \u015fi batjocura marinarilor, \u015falupa s-a \u00eendep\u0103rtat \u00een imensa singur\u0103tate a oceanului.<\/p>\n

Rebelii din jurul lui Fletcher<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen jurul lui Fletcher Christian se aflau acum dou\u0103zeci \u015fi patru de oameni. Dou\u0103zeci \u015fi patru de oameni care \u00eencepeau o via\u0163\u0103 nou\u0103, o via\u0163\u0103 plin\u0103 de aventuri, dar \u015fi de temeri, c\u0103ci ace\u015fti dou\u0103zeci \u015fi patru de oameni trebuiau s\u0103 scape de justi\u0163ia Amiralit\u0103\u0163ii britanice. Se f\u0103cuser\u0103 vinova\u0163i de \u00eenalt\u0103 tr\u0103dare.<\/p>\n

\u015ei \u00eenalta tr\u0103dare, revolta, erau pedepsite cu moartea. Fletcher mai avea o speran\u0163\u0103 secret\u0103: \u00een realitate existau pu\u0163ine \u015fanse ca \u015falupa s\u0103 ajung\u0103 la uscat \u015fi s\u0103 poat\u0103 da alarma. Bligh \u015fi fidelii s\u0103i erau condamna\u0163i la o moarte teribil\u0103, lent\u0103 \u015fi sinistr\u0103 \u00een mijlocul oceanului, \u00eenainte ca Amiralitatea s\u0103 ia cuno\u015ftin\u0163\u0103 de revolt\u0103. Totu\u015fi, lucrurile s-au petrecut cu totul altfel.<\/p>\n

C\u0103pitanul Bligh reu\u015fe\u015fte s\u0103 se salveze<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 patruzeci \u015fi una de zile de mers pe ap\u0103, \u015falupa comandat\u0103 de c\u0103pitanul Bligh a ajuns la insula Timor, din Arhipelagul Sondelor, realiz\u00e2nd astfel una dintre cele mai fantastice ispr\u0103vi care avuseser\u0103 loc pe mare! Imagina\u0163i-v\u0103 o \u015falup\u0103, at\u00e2t de \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103 \u00eenc\u00e2t marginile nu se aflau dec\u00e2t la 25 de centimetri de valuri, parcurg\u00e2nd vreo patru mii de mile \u00eentr-o lun\u0103 \u015fi dou\u0103zeci \u015fi \u015fapte de zile! C\u0103pitanul Bligh era, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, un om r\u0103u, dar un navigator stra\u015fnic.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ziua de 14 martie 1790, un pachebot olandez a aruncat ancora la Portsmouth. Un om \u00eembr\u0103cat \u00een negru, cu peruca pudrat\u0103 cu grij\u0103, cu tenul negricios, a cobor\u00e2t printre primii c\u0103l\u0103tori. Ce se mai gr\u0103bea c\u0103pitanul Bligh s\u0103 simt\u0103 sub cizme p\u0103m\u00e2ntul Angliei lui!<\/p>\n

Zece din rebeli au fost prin\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

La mii de kilometri de acolo, Bounty p\u0103r\u0103sea \u00eencet portul Tahiti. La bordul lui nu se mai aflau dec\u00e2t opt matelo\u0163i \u015fi Fletcher Christian, vreo cincisprezece tahitieni \u015fi femei indigene care \u00eei \u00eenso\u0163eau pe pira\u0163i \u00een ultima lor c\u0103l\u0103torie.
\nAmiralitatea britanic\u0103,\u00a0 \u00een urma depozi\u0163iei lui Bligh,\u00a0 a trimis spre Tahiti o fregat\u0103 de poli\u0163ie a m\u0103rilor, Pandora. Din martie p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een august\u00a0 1791,\u00a0 Pandora a patrulat \u00een c\u0103utarea vasului-fantom\u0103 \u015fi a reu\u015fit s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 paisprezece marinari care figurau pe lista revolta\u0163ilor de pe Bunnty. Zece dintre ei au c\u0103lcat pe p\u0103m\u00e2ntul Angliei purt\u00e2nd lan\u0163uri de prizonieri. Curtea Mar\u0163ial\u0103 i-a judecat pe ace\u015fti oameni \u015fi i-a condamnat pe trei dintre ei la sp\u00e2nzur\u0103toare. Cei trei condamna\u0163i au fost executa\u0163i la 29 octombrie 1792, la Portsmouth.<\/p>\n

\u00cen Europa, opinia public\u0103 era pasionat\u0103 s\u0103 afle \u015ftiri despre nav\u0103 pierdut\u0103 care nu fusese reg\u0103sit\u0103 de trei ani \u015fi jum\u0103tate de c\u00e2nd avusese loc revolta.<\/p>\n

Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mplase cu Bounty?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Comandantul rebel, Fletcher Christian, a aruncat ancora \u00eentr-un mic golf al unei insule necunoscute, Pitcairn, la peste dou\u0103 sute de mile de Arhipelagul Gambier. Matelo\u0163ii au dat foc vasului care \u00een cur\u00e2nd s-a scufundat. \u015ei, st\u0103p\u00e2ni pe ei \u00een\u015fi\u015fi, uita\u0163i de restul lumii, cei nou\u0103 europeni \u015fi tahitienii care \u00eei \u00eenso\u0163eau au tr\u0103it pe aceast\u0103 insul\u0103 pierdut\u0103 ca ni\u015fte naufragia\u0163i. Ni\u015fte naufragia\u0163i de bun\u0103voie care, \u00eentr-o zi, aleseser\u0103 libertatea pentru c\u0103 refuzau legea unui om prea crud!<\/p>\n

Nimeni nu i-a mai rev\u0103zut vreodat\u0103 pe ace\u015fti naufragia\u0163i de bun\u0103voie. \u00cen 1957, un ziarist american, pasionat dup\u0103 scufund\u0103ri submarine, a descoperit l\u00e2ng\u0103 coasta insulei Pitcairn carcasa pe jum\u0103tate distrus\u0103 a unei nave al c\u0103rei nume era \u00eenc\u0103 vizibil din fa\u0163\u0103: Bounty!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Duminic\u0103, 23 decembrie 1787, o nav\u0103 sprinten\u0103 din flota Maiest\u0103\u0163ii Sale p\u0103r\u0103sea rada portului Portsmouth. Ambarca\u0163iunea cu trei catarge \u015fi p\u00e2nze albe era deservit\u0103 de un echipaj format din patruzeci \u015fi trei de oameni care ascultau ordinele unui t\u00e2n\u0103r locotenent … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14407,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[120,3525,1532,3046,291,3524],"class_list":["post-14406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-anglia","tag-bounty","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-marina-regala","tag-nava","tag-tahiti","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nRevolta de pe nava Bounty, cea mai mare rebeliune a secolului al XVIII-lea - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/revolta-de-pe-nava-bounty-cea-mai-mare-rebeliune-a-secolului-al-xviii-lea\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Revolta de pe nava Bounty, cea mai mare rebeliune a secolului al XVIII-lea\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Duminic\u0103, 23 decembrie 1787, o nav\u0103 sprinten\u0103 din flota Maiest\u0103\u0163ii Sale p\u0103r\u0103sea rada portului Portsmouth. 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