{"id":14132,"date":"2010-09-03T13:03:26","date_gmt":"2010-09-03T10:03:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=14132"},"modified":"2010-09-05T14:14:00","modified_gmt":"2010-09-05T11:14:00","slug":"paradoxul-soarelui-tanar-fenomenul-care-demonstreaza-ca-soarele-nu-are-46-miliarde-de-ani-vechime-ci-doar-cateva-mii-de-ani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/paradoxul-soarelui-tanar-fenomenul-care-demonstreaza-ca-soarele-nu-are-46-miliarde-de-ani-vechime-ci-doar-cateva-mii-de-ani\/","title":{"rendered":"Paradoxul Soarelui t\u00e2n\u0103r, fenomenul care demonstreaz\u0103 c\u0103 Soarele nu are 4,6 miliarde de ani vechime, ci doar c\u00e2teva mii de ani"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Soarele<\/a>Conform teoriilor moderne, Soarele cap\u0103t\u0103 energie din conversia termonuclear\u0103 a hidrogenului \u00een heliu, \u00een miezul s\u0103u cel ad\u00e2nc. Exist\u0103 dovezi conving\u0103toare care arat\u0103 faptul c\u0103 Soarele cap\u0103t\u0103 cel pu\u0163in jum\u0103tate din energia sa prin aceast\u0103 metod\u0103. Aceast\u0103 surs\u0103 termonuclear\u0103 ar putea oferi Soarelui energie pentru circa 10 miliarde de ani. Marea majoritate a oamenilor de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 cred c\u0103 Soarele are circa 4,6 miliarde de ani vechime, aceasta \u00eensemn\u00e2nd c\u0103 a ajuns la jum\u0103tatea vie\u0163ii sale.<\/p>\n

Temperaturi mai sc\u0103zute acum 4 miliarde de ani?<\/strong><\/p>\n

De-a lungul vie\u0163ii Soarelui, reac\u0163iile nucleare ar produce, conform teoriei mai sus men\u0163ionate, schimb\u0103ri graduale \u00een compozi\u0163ia miezului Soarelui, \u015fi astfel modific\u00e2nd structura fizic\u0103 total\u0103 a Soarelui. Datorit\u0103 acestui proces, Soarele ar deveni din ce \u00een ce mai str\u0103lucitor, odat\u0103 cu trecerea timpului. Astfel, dac\u0103 Soarele are \u00eentr-adev\u0103r 4,6 miliarde de ani vechime, atunci el ar trebui s\u0103 str\u0103luceasc\u0103 acum cu peste 40% mai mult dec\u00e2t \u00een urm\u0103 cu peste 4 miliarde de ani.<\/p>\n

Tot \u015ftiin\u0163a modern\u0103 ne mai \u00eenva\u0163\u0103 c\u0103 via\u0163a pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt ar fi ap\u0103rut acum circa 3,8 miliarde de ani \u00een urm\u0103. \u00cen acel moment, Soarele ar fi trebuit s\u0103 str\u0103luceasc\u0103 cu 25% mai pu\u0163in dec\u00e2t acum. Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 \u015fi temperaturile ar fi fost mult mai sc\u0103zute dec\u00e2t \u00een prezent, ceea ce ar reprezenta o problem\u0103 \u00een privin\u0163a evolu\u0163iei vie\u0163ii pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt. Ne-am a\u015ftepta, conform acestei teorii, ca temperatura pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt s\u0103 creasc\u0103 de-a lungul celor peste 4 miliarde de ani. Dar, surpriz\u0103! Marea majoritate a biologilor \u015fi geologilor consider\u0103 c\u0103 P\u0103m\u00e2ntul a cunoscut o temperatur\u0103 medie constant\u0103 \u00een ultimii 4,6 miliarde de ani, poate chiar mai ridicat\u0103 la \u00eenceputul acestei perioade. Problema aceasta – cea a cre\u015fterii luminozit\u0103\u0163ii Soarelui, dar p\u0103strarea unei temperaturi constante – se nume\u015fte „paradoxul Soarelui timpuriu”.<\/p>\n

La \u00eenceputul vie\u0163ii pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt, acesta era deja \u00eenghe\u0163at!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar c\u00e2t de mare este aceast\u0103 problem\u0103? Se poate face un simplu calcul presupun\u00e2nd c\u0103, de-a lungul timpului, nu au existat modific\u0103ri \u00een ceea ce prive\u015fte reflectivitatea P\u0103m\u00e2ntului sau abilitatea P\u0103m\u00e2ntului de a iradia c\u0103ldur\u0103. De\u015fi aceast\u0103 abordare nu este chiar realist\u0103, totu\u015fi este util\u0103 pentru a ilustra problema. Plec\u00e2nd de la aceste presupuneri, g\u0103sim faptul c\u0103 o cre\u015ftere cu 25% a luminozit\u0103\u0163ii solare, ar cre\u015fte temperatura medie a P\u0103m\u00e2ntului cu circa 18 grade. Din moment ce \u00een prezent, temperatura P\u0103m\u00e2ntului este de circa 15 grade, aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103, acum 3,8 miliarde de ani \u00een urm\u0103, la \u00eenceputul vie\u0163ii pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt, exista o temperatur\u0103 medie de -3 grade, deci sub limita de \u00eenghe\u0163. Astfel c\u0103, la \u00eenceputul apari\u0163iei vie\u0163ii pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt, acesta ar fi fost deja \u00eenghe\u0163at.<\/p>\n

Cum ar putea un P\u0103m\u00e2nt acoperit cu ghea\u0163\u0103 s\u0103 devin\u0103 mai cald, at\u00e2t timp c\u00e2t ghea\u0163a reflect\u0103 c\u0103ldura Soarelui?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chiar \u015fi cu o mare parte din P\u0103m\u00e2nt \u00eenghe\u0163at, totu\u015fi unele zone tropicale de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt n-ar fi fost \u00eenghe\u0163ate. Cei care cred \u00een teoria evolu\u0163iei argumenteaz\u0103 faptul c\u0103 via\u0163a s-a dezvoltat \u00een zonele mai c\u0103lduroase, \u015fi a\u015fa a fost, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd P\u0103m\u00e2ntul s-ar fi \u00eenc\u0103lzit tot. Chiar \u015fi a\u015fa, exist\u0103 dou\u0103 probleme:<\/p>\n

1) Mul\u0163i geologi insist\u0103 \u00een a declara c\u0103 de-a lungul celor 3,8 miliarde de ani, temperatura medie pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt nu s-a schimbat prea mult.<\/p>\n

2) Dac\u0103 P\u0103m\u00e2ntul ar fi fost acoperit \u00een mare parte cu ghea\u0163\u0103, atunci temperaturile medii ar fi fost cu mult mai mici dec\u00e2t -3 grade. Stratul mare de ghea\u0163\u0103 ar fi crescut reflectivitatea P\u0103m\u00e2ntului, reduc\u00e2nd astfel c\u0103ldura absorbit\u0103 de Soare. Aceasta este, de fapt, o problem\u0103 comun\u0103 cu multiplele ere de ghea\u0163\u0103 din istorie, despre care ni se tot vorbe\u015fte, c\u0103ci mai mult\u0103 ghea\u0163\u0103 \u00eenseamn\u0103 mai pu\u0163in\u0103 c\u0103ldur\u0103 absorbit\u0103, \u015fi astfel o dificultate mai mare \u00een \u00eentoarcerea c\u0103tre un climat mai cald.<\/p>\n

Paradoxul, explicat prin gazele cu efect de ser\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cum au \u00eencercat oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 s\u0103 rezolve acest paradox? Mul\u0163i cred c\u0103 \u00een atmosfera timpurie a P\u0103m\u00e2ntului ar fi existat mai multe gaze cu efect de ser\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een atmosfera actual\u0103. Acestea ar fi men\u0163inut P\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u00eenc\u0103lzit, \u00een ciuda faptului c\u0103 Soarele ar fi fost mai pu\u0163in luminos \u00een acele vremuri. Odat\u0103 ce Soarele a crescut \u00een luminozitate, cantitatea de gaze cu efect de ser\u0103 ar fi descrescut propor\u0163ional cu cre\u015fterea luminozit\u0103\u0163ii. Cu alte cuvinte, odat\u0103 ce Soarele a evoluat, \u015fi atmosfera P\u0103m\u00e2ntului s-a modificat, pentru „a \u0163ine pasul” cu luminozitatea solar\u0103 crescut\u0103. Evolu\u0163ia vie\u0163ii se presupune c\u0103 a avut un rol \u00een aceast\u0103 evolu\u0163ie a atmosferei.<\/p>\n

Desigur, aceast\u0103 evolu\u0163ie a atmosferei P\u0103m\u00e2ntului ar fi necesitat un act foarte delicat de echilibrare. Orice devia\u0163ie prelungit\u0103 de la acest echilibru ar fi dus la o \u00eenc\u0103lzire sau r\u0103cire catastrofal\u0103, din care P\u0103m\u00e2ntul nu \u015fi-ar mai fi putut reveni niciodat\u0103. Exemplele cele mai concludente sunt date de planetele Venus \u015fi Marte.<\/p>\n

Oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 cred c\u0103 apropierea mai mare a lui Venus fa\u0163\u0103 de Soare, i-ar fi oferit acestei planete o temperatur\u0103 ini\u0163ial\u0103 mai mare dec\u00e2t cea a P\u0103m\u00e2ntului, duc\u00e2nd \u00een final la un devastator efect de \u00eenc\u0103lzire datorat gazelor de ser\u0103. Drept rezultat, planeta Venus de ast\u0103zi are cea mai ridicat\u0103 temperatur\u0103 de pe suprafa\u0163a sa din tot sistemul solar.<\/p>\n

„Paradoxul Soarelui t\u00e2n\u0103r” nu mai poate fi explicat \u00een cazul planetei Marte<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pe de alt\u0103 parte, Marte este ast\u0103zi o planet\u0103 foarte rece, dar exist\u0103 dovezi c\u0103 pe aceast\u0103 planet\u0103 a existat la un moment dat ap\u0103 lichid\u0103, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 planeta a fost mult mai cald\u0103. \u015ei oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 spun c\u0103 acest lucru s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u00een urm\u0103 cu 3,8 miliarde de ani. Totu\u015fi, atunci Soarele era cu 25% mai pu\u0163in str\u0103lucitor dec\u00e2t acum. Astfel, „paradoxul Soarelui t\u00e2n\u0103r” ofer\u0103 o problem\u0103 foarte mare pentru planeta Marte: cum putea ca aceast\u0103 planet\u0103 s\u0103 fie mai cald\u0103 dec\u00e2t acum, atunci c\u00e2nd Soarele era mai pu\u0163in str\u0103lucitor?<\/p>\n

Cu asemenea rezultate dezastruoase pentru planetele din vecin\u0103tatea noastr\u0103, cum a reu\u015fit P\u0103m\u00e2ntul s\u0103 evite o soart\u0103 similar\u0103? Cum a reu\u015fit ca P\u0103m\u00e2ntul s\u0103 se descurce at\u00e2t de bine? Una din posibilit\u0103\u0163i ar fi aceea a hazardului. Procesele geologice \u015fi biologice au \u00eendep\u0103rtat gazele cu efect de ser\u0103 \u00een aceea\u015fi rat\u0103 medie cu luminozitatea solar\u0103 crescut\u0103. Dar care ar fi fost posibilitatea ca totul s\u0103 fie doar \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor?<\/p>\n

Este P\u0103m\u00e2ntul un organism viu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00centruc\u00e2t aceast\u0103 evolu\u0163ie este at\u00e2t de improbabil\u0103, unii au sugerat c\u0103 biosfera P\u0103m\u00e2ntului se comport\u0103 asemenea unui gigant organism viu. Aceast\u0103 idee, propus\u0103 de omul de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 James Lovelock, a pornit de la ipoteza Gaia, zei\u0163a P\u0103m\u00e2ntului din vechime \u015fi ea a fost respins\u0103 de marea majoritate a oamenilor de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103, av\u00e2nd prea multe implica\u0163ii teologice.<\/p>\n

Paradoxul Soarelui t\u00e2n\u0103r, explicat prin faptul c\u0103 Soarele este chiar t\u00e2n\u0103r!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mai exist\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 \u015fi o alt\u0103 solu\u0163ie, prea pu\u0163in luat\u0103 \u00een seam\u0103. Aceasta ar fi ca Soarele s\u0103 aib\u0103 doar c\u00e2teva mii de ani vechime, \u015fi nu miliarde. \u00cen acest caz, n-ar fi niciun paradox de explicat, \u00eentruc\u00e2t Soarele, \u00een c\u00e2teva mii de ani, ar fi crescut extrem de pu\u0163in \u00een luminozitate.<\/p>\n

\u015ei \u00een plus, cum s-a ajuns la aceast\u0103 cifr\u0103 de 4,6 miliarde de ani? Cine garanteaz\u0103 100% c\u0103 Soarele are doar 4,6 miliarde de ani? Nu exist\u0103 nicio posibilitate de a m\u0103sura exact v\u00e2rsta Soarelui. A\u015fa c\u0103 nu trebuie s\u0103 credem tot ce ne spun oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Conform teoriilor moderne, Soarele cap\u0103t\u0103 energie din conversia termonuclear\u0103 a hidrogenului \u00een heliu, \u00een miezul s\u0103u cel ad\u00e2nc. Exist\u0103 dovezi conving\u0103toare care arat\u0103 faptul c\u0103 Soarele cap\u0103t\u0103 cel pu\u0163in jum\u0103tate din energia sa prin aceast\u0103 metod\u0103. Aceast\u0103 surs\u0103 termonuclear\u0103 ar … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14133,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[102,156,105,865,9803,1029],"class_list":["post-14132","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-stiinta","tag-astronomie","tag-marte","tag-pamant","tag-soare","tag-stiinta","tag-venus","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nParadoxul Soarelui t\u00e2n\u0103r, fenomenul care demonstreaz\u0103 c\u0103 Soarele nu are 4,6 miliarde de ani vechime, ci doar c\u00e2teva mii de ani - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/paradoxul-soarelui-tanar-fenomenul-care-demonstreaza-ca-soarele-nu-are-46-miliarde-de-ani-vechime-ci-doar-cateva-mii-de-ani\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Paradoxul Soarelui t\u00e2n\u0103r, fenomenul care demonstreaz\u0103 c\u0103 Soarele nu are 4,6 miliarde de ani vechime, ci doar c\u00e2teva mii de ani\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Conform teoriilor moderne, Soarele cap\u0103t\u0103 energie din conversia termonuclear\u0103 a hidrogenului \u00een heliu, \u00een miezul s\u0103u cel ad\u00e2nc. 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