{"id":1402,"date":"2008-11-09T10:03:20","date_gmt":"2008-11-09T06:03:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=1402"},"modified":"2008-11-10T09:21:34","modified_gmt":"2008-11-10T05:21:34","slug":"manuscrisul-voynich-cel-mai-misterios-manuscris-din-lume","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/manuscrisul-voynich-cel-mai-misterios-manuscris-din-lume\/","title":{"rendered":"Manuscrisul Voynich: cel mai misterios manuscris din lume"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>\u00cen anul 1912, anticarul american Wilfrid M. Voynich, un pasionat colec\u0163ionar de c\u0103r\u0163i \u015fi documente pre\u0163ioase, descoperea \u00een Italia, \u00een vila Mondragone, din ora\u015ful Frascati, un straniu codex medieval, considerat p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre drept \u201ccel mai misterios manuscris din lume”. Aflat al\u0103turi de alte documente rare, Manuscrisul Voynich (MV), catalogat astfel dup\u0103 numele descoperitorului s\u0103u, avea s\u0103 cunoasc\u0103 o faim\u0103 de neegalat. Cump\u0103rat \u00een anul 1961 cu suma de 24 500 dolari de c\u0103tre H. P. Kraus, un celebru anticar new-yorkez, cota manuscrisului a urcat la 160 000 dolari. Deoarece nu s-a g\u0103sit un cump\u0103r\u0103tor care s\u0103 ofere pre\u0163ul cerut de v\u00e2nz\u0103tor, H.P. Kraus l-a donat Universit\u0103\u0163ii Yale (1969), devenind una dintre cele mai valoroase achizi\u0163ii ale \u201cFondului de C\u0103r\u0163i Rare ale Bibliotecii Beinecke\u201d ( New Haven, Connecticut) a prestigioasei institu\u0163ii de \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m\u00e2nt americane.<\/p>\n

Celebritatea acestui document este datorat\u0103 faptului c\u0103 textul este criptografiat, scris cu un alfabet necunoscut, \u00eentr-o limb\u0103 de ne\u00een\u0163eles. Nu se cunosc, de asemenea, nici cine este autorul, c\u00e2nd \u015fi unde a fost scris, dac\u0103 este copie sau original \u015fi c\u0103rui gen de crea\u0163ii apar\u0163ine .<\/p>\n

Intrigat de aspectul misterios al documentului achizi\u0163ionat, \u015fi convins c\u0103 este descoperitorul unui document unic \u00een lume, W. Voynich a trimis reproduceri fotostatice tuturor celor interesa\u0163i \u00een cunoa\u015fterea textului clar al acestui straniu manuscris. Ipoteza sa a fost aceea c\u0103 autorul manuscrisului este Roger Bacon. Pentru a cunoa\u015fte \u015fi opinia altor cercet\u0103tori, \u00een anul 1915, posesorul curiosului codex expune la \u201cInstitutul de Art\u0103 din Chicago\u201d manuscrisele achizi\u0163ionate de el \u00een Italia, inclusiv p\u0103r\u0163i ale MV, tip\u0103rind cu acest prilej o bro\u015fur\u0103 de prezentare a documentului, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 atrag\u0103 aten\u0163ia lumii \u015ftiin\u0163ifice asupra lui. Este prima tentativ\u0103 a anticarului american de a sus\u0163ine argumentat o opinie personal\u0103 cu privire la natura \u015fi originea MV.<\/p>\n

Ulterior, W. Voynich a solicitat sprijinul a numero\u015fi oameni de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103, speciali\u015fti din diverse domenii, cer\u00e2ndu-le concursul \u00een descifrarea textului misteriosului codex: paleograful O. Omont de la \u201cBiblioteca Na\u0163ional\u0103 din Paris\u201d, A.G. Little, o recunoscut\u0103 autoritate \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 \u00een domeniul anatomiei, str\u0103lucit dasc\u0103l al Universit\u0103\u0163ii Harvard dar, mai ales, un buncunosc\u0103tor al biografiei \u015fi operei lui Roger Bacon, Cardinalul Gasquet, custodele \u201c Arhivelor Vaticanului\u201d \u015fi mul\u0163i al\u0163ii.<\/p>\n

Proprietarul manuscrisului va p\u0103stra \u00eens\u0103 un secret absolut \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu modul \u00een care a intrat \u00een posesia acestuia, povestea achizi\u0163ion\u0103rii fiind cunoscut\u0103 abia dup\u0103 moartea lui Voynich. Dup\u0103 moartea lui W. Voynich (1930), so\u0163ia acestuia, Ethel Lilian Voinich (fiica matematicianului Boole) a p\u0103strat originalul timp de aproape 30 de ani \u00een seiful din New York al \u201cThe Guaranty Trust Company\u201d. Anne Nill, fosta secretar\u0103 a lui W. Voynich \u015fi o bun\u0103 prieten\u0103 a so\u0163iei acestuia, Ethel, devine mo\u015ftenitoarea manuscrisului. \u00cenainte de a muri, Ethel dezv\u0103luie prietenei sale istoria adev\u0103rat\u0103 a achizi\u0163ion\u0103rii manuscrisului, inclusiv faptul c\u0103 \u00eentre guvernul de la Roma \u015fi Sf\u00e2ntul Scaun au existat unele ne\u00een\u0163elegeri st\u00e2rnite de acest document pre\u0163ios.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ciuda eforturilor sale continuii de a descifra enigma acestui misterios manuscris, W. Voynich nu a putut afla dec\u00e2t pu\u0163ine lucruri certe privitor la trecutul MV: c\u00e2ndva, colec\u0163ia de suluri, pergamente \u015fi c\u0103r\u0163i rare a f\u0103cut parte din biblioteca personal\u0103 a superiorului ordinului iezuit, P. Petrus Beckx; un alt element relevant este semn\u0103tura existent\u0103 pe prima pagin\u0103 a manuscrisului, indic\u00e2nd faptul c\u0103 unul dintre posesorii acestuia a fost un anume Jacobus Horcicky de Tepenec (cunoscut \u015fi sub numele latinizat: Sinapius).<\/p>\n

\u00cen final, singurul text explicit, de o mare valoare pentru cercet\u0103torii acestui codex, este scrisoarea lui JOANNES MARCUS MARCI de CRONLAND, rector al Universit\u0103\u0163ii din Praga, datat\u0103 19 august 1666 (sau 1665), adresat\u0103 lui Athanasius Kircher, faimos \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at iezuit, autor, printre altele, al unui valoros tratat dedicat criptologiei ( \u201cPolygraphia nova et universalis\u201d<\/strong><\/em>, Roma, 1663), precum \u015fi creator al unei limbi universale, prin care profesorul praghez \u00eel ruga pe Kircher s\u0103 descifreze manuscrisul, oferindu-i \u015fi c\u00e2teva date privind istoria acestuia. Din con\u0163inutul scrisorii adresate lui Kircher de c\u0103tre J.P.Marci, rectorul Universit\u0103\u0163ii din Praga, se poate deduce c\u0103 manuscrisul a fost cump\u0103rat de c\u0103tre \u00eemp\u0103ratul Rudolf al II-lea pentru suma de 600 de duca\u0163i, un pre\u0163 exorbitant pentru acele vremuri.<\/p>\n

Minte luminat\u0103 dar \u015fi un om subjugat de mistic\u0103, alchimie \u015fi astrologie, \u00eemp\u0103ratul str\u00e2nsese la curtea sa faimo\u015fi \u00eenv\u0103\u0163a\u0163i ai timpului. Pentru savan\u0163i ca Johannes Kepler sau Tycho Brache, s-au construit observatoare astronomice, iar pentru alchimi\u015fti s-au pus la dispozi\u0163ie laboratoare \u00een care ace\u015ftia urmau s\u0103-\u015fi etaleze cuno\u015ftin\u0163ele lor secrete sau s\u0103 fac\u0103 tot felul de experien\u0163e.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Primul posesor cunoscut al MV, identificat cu precizie, a fost Jacobus Horicicky, devenit prin grija iezui\u0163ilor un bogat chimist \u015fi farmacist la curtea suveranului de la Praga, c\u0103ruia \u00eei va deveni confident \u015fi sfetnic. Horicicky de Tepenec, cunoscut \u015fi sub numele de Sinapius, era considerat un favorit al cur\u0163ii imperiale, un om de temut. \u00cen perioada 1608-1619, c\u00e2nd Jacobus de Tepenec p\u0103r\u0103se\u015fte \u0163ara, (\u00eemp\u0103ratul abdicase \u00een anul 1611, murind un an mai t\u00e2rziu), MV s-a g\u0103sit cu siguran\u0163\u0103 \u00een posesia medicului cur\u0163ii imperiale \u015fi este de presupus c\u0103 protectorul s\u0103u \u00eel ob\u0163inuse de la o persoan\u0103 necunoscut\u0103, \u00eenc\u0103 din anul 1586.<\/p>\n

Cine s\u0103 fie fost misteriosul personaj, de la care Rudolf al II-lea a ob\u0163inut manuscrisul \u00een 1586 ? Cele mai multe opinii consider\u0103 c\u0103 posesorul MV nu era nimeni altul dec\u00e2t John Dee, navigator, astrolog, matematician, magician, ocultist \u015fi…spion englez care, pe la 1584, sosise la Praga pentru a preda cursuri despre Roger Bacon. Unii sunt \u00eenclina\u0163i s\u0103 vad\u0103 \u00een acest straniu personaj modelul avut \u00een vedere de W. Shakespeare atunci c\u00e2nd la creat pe Prospero din \u201cThe Tempest\u201d <\/em><\/strong>(\u201cFurtuna\u201d<\/strong><\/em>).<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, W. Voynich era convins c\u0103 documentul aflat \u00een posesia sa este o crea\u0163ie din veacul al XIII-lea, apar\u0163in\u00e2nd lui Roger Bacon. Una dintre ipoteze afirm\u0103 c\u0103 John Dee ar fi primit manuscrisul chiar din m\u00e2inile Ducelui de Northumberland care, \u00een vremea regelui Henric al VIII-lea, jefuise numeroase m\u0103n\u0103stiri engleze iar ducele, voind s\u0103 fac\u0103 un serviciu reginei Elisabeth, d\u0103rui acest manuscris esoteric habsburgului \u00eemp\u0103rat Rudolf, prin agentul secret… John Dee.
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00ceNCERC\u0102RI DE DESCIFRARE A MANUSCRISULUI<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 1919, sub forma unor reproduceri fragmentare, MV este prezentat lui William Newbold, profesor de filosofie al Universit\u0103\u0163ii din Pennsylvania, care face cunoscut lumii \u015ftiin\u0163ifice faptul c\u0103 a reu\u015fit decriptarea textului acestui celebru codex (aprilie 1921). El afirm\u0103 cu acest prilej c\u0103 autorul lucr\u0103rii este Roger Bacon, care a utilizat un sistem de cifru extrem de complicat bazat, \u00een principal, pe metoda anagram\u0103rii. Totodat\u0103, printre altele, Newbold a sus\u0163inut c\u0103 R. Bacon este inventatorul telescopului \u015fi al microscopului. De asemenea, R. Bacon ar fi fost primul care a descoperit Marea Nebuloas\u0103 din Andromeda, descriind-o ca fiind o galaxie de tip spiralat, tot el fiind cel ce a descris celulele \u015fi nucleele etc.<\/p>\n

Textul descifrat de c\u0103tre Newbold va fi tip\u0103rit la doi ani dup\u0103 moartea sa, \u00een 1928, solu\u0163ia sa fiind acceptat\u0103 chiar cu entuziasm de nume celebre ale \u015ftiin\u0163ei acelor vremi: academicianul francez Etienne Gilson (filosof), Raoul Carton etc. Decriptarea lui Newbold a st\u00e2rnit o adev\u0103rat\u0103 revela\u0163ie \u00een \u00eentreaga lume. Editorul, Roland Grubb Kent, prieten apropiat al autorului epocalei descoperiri, va intitula cartea postum\u0103 a savantului Newbold – „Cifrul lui Roger Bacon\u201d<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n

Pe o pozi\u0163ie \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 cu totul contrar\u0103 se situeaz\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 John Manly (1931), care desfiin\u0163eaz\u0103 pur \u015fi simplu solu\u0163ia propus\u0103 de Newbold. Dar cercet\u0103rile vor continua \u015fi tentativele de a decripta acest manuscris nu vor \u00eenceta s\u0103 apar\u0103, de\u015fi succesul repurtat de Newbold va r\u0103m\u00e2ne singular.<\/p>\n

Ethel Voynich, dup\u0103 moartea so\u0163ului s\u0103u, fiind mo\u015ftenitoarea pre\u0163iosului manuscris, trimite o copie a MV profesorului Henry Hivernat, de la Universitatea Catolic\u0103 din Washington, cu rug\u0103mintea de a-\u015fi exprima opiniile sale. Mai interesat \u00eens\u0103 de acest manuscris s-a ar\u0103tat a fi asistentul s\u0103u, Theodor C. Peterson, care a realizat o dubl\u0103 copie (una fotografic\u0103 \u015fi a doua olograf\u0103, cea din urm\u0103 fiind finalizat\u0103 \u00een anul 1944). Peterson a lucrat asupra manuscrisului p\u00e2n\u0103 la moartea sa, dar rezultatele laborioasei sale activit\u0103\u0163i de cercetare nu au fost finalizate printr-o nou\u0103 teorie sau prin propunerea unei noi solu\u0163ii, care s\u0103 conduc\u0103 la aflarea unui text clar. Dup\u0103 aproape 40 de ani de munc\u0103 plin\u0103 de acribie, p\u0103rintele Th. C. Peterson, profesor la \u201cSt. Paul\u00b4s College\u201d din Washington, concluziona c\u0103 literele manuscrisului reprezint\u0103 silabele unei scrieri stenografice medievale.<\/p>\n

CON\u0162INUTUL MANUSCRISULUI<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u015fa cum se prezint\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre, MV cuprinde 204 pagini, dintre care 28 sunt considerate pierdute. Copertele originare, din pergament sub\u0163ire, sub form\u0103 de foaie de registru, sunt desprinse de manuscris. Foile codexului sunt acoperite din abunden\u0163\u0103 cu text \u015fi imagini. C\u00e2t prive\u015fte partea grafic\u0103, cititorul este \u015focat de formele fantastice ale desenelor: zeci de nuduri, apar\u0163in\u00e2nd unor personaje de sex feminin, cu o statur\u0103 zvelt\u0103, diagrame astrologice \u015fi aproximativ 400 de desene, \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015f\u00e2nd specii bizare de plante.<\/p>\n

\u00centruc\u00e2t textul codexului Voynich nu poate fi \u00eenc\u0103 descifrat, doar imaginile sale pot oferi unele idei privind natura \u015fi destina\u0163ia manuscrisului: este de presupus c\u0103 avem de a face cu o lucrare de gen almanah, un fel de album herbal, la care se adaug\u0103, ca \u00eentr-un veritabil miscelaneu, diverse capitole destinate alchimiei, vr\u0103jitoriei, astrologiei etc.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Conform unei clasific\u0103ri unanim acceptate de c\u0103tre cercet\u0103tori, \u00een cuprinsul acestui manuscris exist\u0103 urm\u0103toarele clase distincte de subiecte:
\n– Sec\u0163iunea cu specific botanic (imaginile prezint\u0103 desenele unor plante, multe neidentificate \u00eenc\u0103 sau cu caracter fantastic);
\n– Sec\u0163iunea cu caracter astronomic (con\u0163in\u00e2nd majoritatea semnelor de tip zodiacal);
\n– Sec\u0163iunea cu profil biologic ( av\u00e2nd desene anatomice sau imagini de fiin\u0163e umane);
\n– Sec\u0163iunea cu specific farmaceutic (ustensile de laborator \u015fi p\u0103r\u0163i de plante);
\n– Sec\u0163iunea \u201cre\u0163etelor\u201d (con\u0163ine scurte formule, probabil alchimice).<\/p>\n

\u00cen leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu stilul desenelor, se poate spune c\u0103 acestea apar\u0163in, mai degrab\u0103, unui om de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103, dec\u00e2t unui artist. Bogat colorate, \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 ornamental\u0103 destul de bizar\u0103, ilustra\u0163iile atrag privirea prin preponderen\u0163a nuan\u0163elor de ro\u015fu \u00eenchis (purpuriu), bleu, galben deschis, maro \u015fi, mai ales, verde viu. Nudurile dau impresia c\u0103 apar\u0163in unor femei care zboar\u0103 \u00een eter cu ajutorul unor vehicule ciudate, de forma unor c\u0103zi de baie, legate \u00eens\u0103 prin complicate \u0163evi \u015fi tuburi. Acest p\u0103ienjeni\u015f de \u0163ev\u0103rie \u015fi tuburi creeaz\u0103 impresia, la prima vedere, unei complicate ma\u015fin\u0103rii hidraulice, ori a unor plan\u015fe anatomice cu caracter fantastic.<\/p>\n

H\u0103r\u0163i misterioase par a reda imaginea unor corpuri astronomice, privite printr-un telescop, \u00een timp ce alte imagini sugereaz\u0103 celule vii, observate printr-un microscop. Cu un strop de imagina\u0163ie, po\u0163i vedea \u00een fa\u0163a ochilor un straniu calendar, compus din semne zodiacale \u015fi multe personaje dezbr\u0103cate, aruncate parc\u0103 \u00een l\u0103zi de gunoi. Peste tot, printre aceste imagini fantastice, exist\u0103 por\u0163iuni de text. Formal, textul nu prezint\u0103 niciun fel de semne care s\u0103 indice prezen\u0163a unor criptograme. Literele sunt obi\u015fnuite scrierii latine medievale t\u00e2rzii, cu caracteristicile grafice ale epocii.<\/p>\n

Ductul scrisului este molcom, prietenos, ca \u015fi c\u00e2nd autorul manuscrisului ar fi copiat un text clar, inteligibil.<\/p>\n

Surpriza vine \u00eens\u0103 \u00een momentul c\u00e2nd vrei s\u0103 \u015fi \u00een\u0163elegi ceea ce este scris \u00een fa\u0163a ochilor: o limb\u0103 stranie, necunoscut\u0103, care nu poate fi comparat\u0103 cu nici o alt\u0103 limb\u0103 vorbit\u0103 \u00een prezent pe fa\u0163a P\u0103m\u00e2ntului.
\nE\u015fti frapat de la \u00eenceput, f\u0103r\u0103 a efectua complicate statistici de ordin lingvistic, de existen\u0163a a numeroase repet\u0103ri de litere, grupuri de litere sau chiar cuvinte, multe dintre ele cu mici deosebiri, legate probabil de flexiuni necesare, mai ales \u00een ceea ce prive\u015fte termina\u0163ia lor.<\/p>\n

Paleografii s-au ar\u0103tat neputincio\u015fi, nefiind \u00een stare s\u0103 recunoasc\u0103 vre-un izvor alfabetic pentru anumite litere ale manuscrisului, cu toate c\u0103 num\u0103rul simbolurilor este extrem de mic: 29 de grafeme. Analiza criptoanali\u015ftilor s-a dovedit \u015fi ea incapabil\u0103 de a aduce lumin\u0103, de\u015fi ini\u0163ial s-a b\u0103nuit c\u0103 este vorba de un sistem de cifrare destul de simplu: substitu\u0163ie monoalfabetic\u0103.<\/p>\n

Lingvi\u015ftii, la r\u00e2ndul lor, au comparat textul MV cu texte similare medievale, redactate \u00een latina bisericeasc\u0103, engleza medieval\u0103, limba veche a francilor, etc. dar nu au g\u0103sit nici un fel de elemente comune cu textul acestui codex. S-a trecut apoi la studierea grafiei, a desenelor, pergamentului \u015fi pigmen\u0163ilor folosi\u0163i la cerneal\u0103 sau desene, \u00eens\u0103 concluziile sunt divergente.<\/p>\n

Judec\u00e2nd sumar, numai dup\u0103 partea iconografic\u0103, s-ar putea ajunge la concluzia c\u0103 manuscrisul ar data din sec. XV-XVII, dar nici un alt document din perioada respectiv\u0103 nu prezint\u0103 ceva similar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen anul 1912, anticarul american Wilfrid M. Voynich, un pasionat colec\u0163ionar de c\u0103r\u0163i \u015fi documente pre\u0163ioase, descoperea \u00een Italia, \u00een vila Mondragone, din ora\u015ful Frascati, un straniu codex medieval, considerat p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre drept \u201ccel mai misterios manuscris din … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1403,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[125,9795,456,457,455],"class_list":["post-1402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-bacon","tag-istorie","tag-manuscris","tag-mistere","tag-voynich","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nManuscrisul Voynich: cel mai misterios manuscris din lume - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/manuscrisul-voynich-cel-mai-misterios-manuscris-din-lume\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Manuscrisul Voynich: cel mai misterios manuscris din lume\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen anul 1912, anticarul american Wilfrid M. Voynich, un pasionat colec\u0163ionar de c\u0103r\u0163i \u015fi documente pre\u0163ioase, descoperea \u00een Italia, \u00een vila Mondragone, din ora\u015ful Frascati, un straniu codex medieval, considerat p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre drept \u201ccel mai misterios manuscris din ... 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