{"id":12745,"date":"2010-05-22T19:39:00","date_gmt":"2010-05-22T16:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=12745"},"modified":"2010-05-28T18:55:20","modified_gmt":"2010-05-28T15:55:20","slug":"operatiunea-h-un-jaf-sovietic-de-proportii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/operatiunea-h-un-jaf-sovietic-de-proportii\/","title":{"rendered":"Opera\u0163iunea H: un jaf sovietic de propor\u0163ii"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"sovieti\"<\/a>Furtul, hobby pentru comuni\u015ftii sovietici<\/strong><\/p>\n

Furtul a fost \u00eentotdeauna sarcina fundamental\u0103 a spionajului sovietic. Toate serviciile de spionaj din lume fur\u0103 \u00eentr-un fel sau altul, deoarece informa\u0163iile de care au nevoie nu se g\u0103sesc pe strad\u0103. Serviciile de tip sovietic nu s-au limitat \u00eens\u0103 niciodat\u0103 la furt de informa\u0163ii, care a constituit latura cea mai ne\u00eensemnat\u0103 a activit\u0103\u0163ii lor. Principalul efort opera\u0163ional al acestor servicii a fost \u00eentotdeauna dirijat c\u0103tre furt de teritorii str\u0103ine precum \u015fi c\u0103tre furt de tehnologii \u015fi alte valori pe care sistemul comunist de guvern\u0103m\u00e2nt nu a fost \u00een stare s\u0103 le produc\u0103.<\/p>\n

Nu e de mirare. Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 a fost fondat\u0103 pe principiul marxist potrivit c\u0103ruia bog\u0103\u0163iile naturale, industriale \u015fi agricole ale \u0163\u0103rii apar\u0163in proletarilor \u015fi \u0163\u0103ranilor \u015fi trebuie administrate de for\u0163a lor conduc\u0103toare, Partidul Comunist. Cu alte cuvinte, furtul a devenit o politic\u0103 na\u0163ional\u0103 din ziua \u00een care s-a creat primul stat comunist. La scurt timp dup\u0103 revolu\u0163ia din octombrie 1917, Kremlinul a confiscat propriet\u0103\u0163ile \u0163arului, \u015fi-a \u00eensu\u015fit p\u0103m\u00e2nturile mo\u015fierilor \u015fi chiaburilor, a na\u0163ionalizat industria, transporturile \u015fi b\u0103ncile. Apoi, a ordonat ca majoritatea fo\u015ftilor proprietari s\u0103 fie omor\u00e2\u0163i. \u00cen 1929, Kremlinul \u015fi-a \u00eendreptat furtul c\u0103tre p\u0103tura cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 a popula\u0163iei: a confiscat p\u0103m\u00e2ntul, animalele \u015fi uneltele de lucru ale \u0163\u0103ranilor \u015fi i-a obligat s\u0103 intre \u00een colhozuri. Dup\u0103 doar c\u00e2\u0163iva ani de existen\u0163\u0103, economia sovietic\u0103 se baza aproape integral pe propriet\u0103\u0163i furate. Dictatorul din Kremlin a decis s\u0103 fure p\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi institu\u0163ia care l-a creat: Partidul Comunist al Uniunii Sovietice. Dup\u0103 o scurt\u0103 perioad\u0103 de conducere colectiv\u0103, exercitat\u0103 de Comitetul Central \u015fi, mai t\u00e2rziu, de elita sa, Biroul Politic, Stalin a trecut puterea politic\u0103, ideologic\u0103 \u015fi organizatoric\u0103 a partidului \u00een propriile sale m\u00e2ini.<\/p>\n

Stalin s-a decis s\u0103 fure \u015fi \u00een afara \u0163\u0103rii<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd nu a mai fost nimic de furat \u00een interiorul t\u0103rii, Stalin \u015fi-a extins furtul \u00een afara grani\u0163elor ei. \u00cen 1939, el a semnat a\u015fa-zisul Pact de Neagresiune Germano-Sovietic \u015fi anexa lui secret\u0103, men\u0163ionate \u00een capitolul precedent, pe baza c\u0103rora a furat ulterior Basarabia, Bucovina de Nord, Lituania, Letonia, Estonia, \u015fi p\u0103r\u0163i ale Poloniei \u015fi Finlandei. Cur\u00e2nd dup\u0103 sf\u00e2r\u015fitul celui de al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial, Stalin a furat restul Europei de Est. C\u00e2\u0163iva ani mai tirziu, el a constituit,\u00a0 Republica Popular\u0103 Chinez\u0103, f\u0103c\u00e2nd ca num\u0103rul persoanelor despropriet\u0103rite de c\u0103tre Kremlin s\u0103 dep\u0103\u015feasc\u0103 o treime din popula\u0163ia globului.<\/p>\n

Planul Beria: furtul uzinelor germane de c\u0103tre sovietici<\/strong><\/p>\n

Spionajul industrial sovietic s-a n\u0103scut la apogeul preg\u0103tirilor pentru ofensiva decisiv\u0103 \u00eempotriva trupelor germane, c\u00e2nd Stalin a hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103-\u015fi extind\u0103 furtul asupra tehnicii \u015fi tehnologiilor occidentale. \u00cen 1943, el a cerut \u015fefului poli\u0163iei sale politice, Lavrenti Beria, s\u0103-i prezinte un plan pentru reconstruirea economiei sovietice decimat\u0103 de r\u0103zboi. Noul plan al lui Beria a fost descris \u00eentr-un manual secret sovietic intitulat Istoriia nauchno-tekhniceskoi razvedki (Istoria Spionajului Tehnico-\u015ftiin\u0163ific)<\/em>. Potrivit acestui manual planul lui Beria s-a bazat pe simpla premiz\u0103 c\u0103 o Uniune Sovietic\u0103 victorioas\u0103 era \u00eendrept\u0103\u0163it\u0103 s\u0103 confi\u015fte, ca repara\u0163ii de r\u0103zboi, orice \u00eentreprindere industrial\u0103 german\u0103 care se afla \u00een zonele de ocupa\u0163ie sovietic\u0103 de pe teritoriul Germaniei sau a fo\u015ftilor s\u0103i alia\u0163i.<\/p>\n

\u00cen esen\u0163\u0103, planul lui Beria con\u0163inea o singur\u0103 idee, dar una „briliant\u0103”, cum se spune c\u0103 ar fi fost descris\u0103 de Stalin \u00een una din rarele sale manifest\u0103ri de admira\u0163ie pentru o alt\u0103 persoan\u0103. Beria a propus s\u0103 se creeze, \u00een cadrul INU, o unitate tehnic\u0103 destinat\u0103 s\u0103 transplanteze \u00een Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 at\u00e2t \u00eentreprinderile industriale proprietate german\u0103 din teritoriile „eliberate” de Armata Ro\u015fie, c\u00e2t \u015fi speciali\u015ftii germani care le operau. Stalin a aprobat pe loc planul lui Beria, pe care l-a botezat „Opera\u0163iunea H” \u015fi a ordonat s\u0103 i se dea prioritate maxim\u0103. Denumirea „H” a venit de la cuv\u00e2ntul rusesc „hoziaistvo”, care \u00eenseamn\u0103 economie sau industrie, deoarece \u00eentreaga opera\u0163ie era menit\u0103 s\u0103 fac\u0103 s\u0103 renasc\u0103 economia sovietic\u0103 distrus\u0103 de r\u0103zboi.<\/p>\n

\u00cen doar c\u00e2teva luni a ap\u0103rut, \u00een cadrul INU, o nou\u0103 unitate operativ\u0103, denumit\u0103 „Linia H”, care a \u00eenceput s\u0103-\u015fi instruiasc\u0103 frenetic cadrele asupra modului cum urmau s\u0103 demonteze \u00eentreprinderile industriale germane \u015fi s\u0103 le transporte \u00een URSS. \u00cen 1944, c\u00e2nd ofensiva Armatei Ro\u015fii a dep\u0103\u015fit grani\u0163ele Uniunii Sovietice, INU a \u00eenceput s\u0103 creeze \u00een \u0163\u0103rile „eliberate” subunit\u0103\u0163i industriale ai c\u0103ror ofi\u0163eri erau organiza\u0163i pe grupe de uzine germane, studiate, \u00een prealabil, pe machete, \u00een Moscova. Jum\u0103tate din ace\u015fti ofi\u0163eri au ambalat zi \u015fi noapte utilajele ce urmau s\u0103 fie transportate \u00een Uniunea Sovietic\u0103. Ceilal\u0163i au arestat, \u00een secret, inginerii \u015fi tehnicienii care lucraser\u0103 \u00een aceste obiective industriale \u015fi i-au dus \u00een lag\u0103re specializate din Uniunea Sovietic\u0103. Aceste transplant\u0103ri mecanice \u015fi umane aveau s\u0103 constituie cur\u00e2nd scheletul unor noi ramuri industriale sovietice.<\/p>\n

Racheta interbalistic\u0103 sovietic\u0103 Scud: furt de la nem\u0163ii care au construit V2<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prima opera\u0163ie de acest fel a avut sarcina s\u0103 transfere \u00een Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 \u00eentregul centru german de cercet\u0103ri de la Peenemunde, unde Werner von Braun \u015fi Walter Doraberger au creat infama rachet\u0103 V-2, teroarea Londrei \u00een timpul r\u0103zboiului. Ofi\u0163erii INU au transferat totul:\u00a0 echipamente, nem\u0163i, desene tehnice. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi co\u015furile de gunoi g\u0103site la Peenemunde au fost duse la Moscova. Dup\u0103 aceasta, INU a aruncat Peenemunde \u00een aer. Exper\u0163ii sovietici care au evaluat materialele confiscate la Peenemunde au descoperit \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 V-2 nu era ultima realizare a lui Wernher von Braun. Wasserfall (Cascada) era inven\u0163ia sa cea mai nou\u0103, care a permis Uniunii Sovietice s\u0103 creeze mai t\u00e2rziu prima sa rachet\u0103 balistic\u0103, pe care omenirea avea s\u0103 o cunoasc\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 o urasc\u0103 sub denumirea de Scud, \u00een timpul r\u0103zboiului din Golful Persic.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Aparat<\/a><\/strong>
Aparat foto Zeiss, copiat de industria sovietica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Industria optic\u0103 \u015fi de sticl\u0103 sovietic\u0103: furt de la Zeiss \u015fi Schott<\/strong><\/p>\n

Opera\u0163ii similare ale INU au dus la crearea industriei de sticl\u0103 optic\u0103 \u015fi de sticl\u0103 industrial\u0103 sovietic\u0103. Doi gigan\u0163i germani au stat la baza acestor dou\u0103 noi ramuri industriale. Unul a fost Zeiss, pe atunci cel mai mare produc\u0103tor de lentile, microscoape \u015fi echipament fotografic din lume. Cel\u0103lalt era Schott Glassworks, cel mai mare furnizor de sticl\u0103 Jena \u015fi Pyrex. Acestea erau sticle termo-rezistente inventate de chimistul german Friederich Otto Schott \u015fi folosite apoi \u00een toata lumea la fabricarea termometrelor, c\u00e2t \u015fi pentru producerea de echipament optic, industrial \u015fi casnic.
\nAmbele fabrici au fost \u00een Jena \u015fi ambele au fost reinstalate \u00een Uniunea Sovietic\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00centreaga opera\u0163ie a fost o curs\u0103 contra cronometru dramatic\u0103 \u00eentre INU, care avea sarcina s\u0103 transplanteze aceste uzine \u00een Uniunea Sovietic\u0103, \u015fi armata american\u0103, care a \u00eencercat s\u0103 le p\u0103streze \u00een Germania. Americanii au reu\u015fit s\u0103 protejeze peste 100 de oameni de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 germani angaja\u0163i de Zeiss \u015fi Schott, pe care i-a dus \u00een zona american\u0103 a Germaniei, \u00een final \u00eens\u0103, INU a ie\u015fit \u00eenving\u0103tor. Dup\u0103 luni de eforturi intense, el a reu\u015fit s\u0103 aresteze \u015fi s\u0103 duc\u0103 \u00een URSS majoritatea tehnicienilor care lucrau la aceste dou\u0103 firme germane \u015fi s\u0103 captureze toate echipamentele lor industriale. Ambele, sublinia manualul sovietic, s-au dovedit mai valoroase dec\u00e2t greutatea lor \u00een aur.<\/p>\n

Potrivit aceluia\u015fi manual sovietic, \u00een c\u00e2\u0163iva ani ora\u015ful Jena a ren\u0103scut \u00een Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 \u015fi a devenit unul din cele mai importante centre produc\u0103toare de sticl\u0103 optic\u0103 \u015fi industrial\u0103 din Europa. Expus\u0103 la loc de cinste \u00een cl\u0103direa sovietului local din noul ora\u015f a fost \u015fi diploma de doctor ce-i fusese acordat\u0103 \u00een 1841 lui Karl Marx de c\u0103tre Universitatea din Jena, diplom\u0103 g\u0103sit\u0103 de INU \u00eentre documente muceg\u0103ite de arhiv\u0103. Acela\u015fi manual con\u0163inea, de asemenea, fotografii reprezent\u00e2nd diferite instrumente de sticl\u0103 produse de noua industrie sovietic\u0103. Majoritatea erau duplicate identice ale vaselor \u015fi instala\u0163iilor de laborator germane; nici chiar marca original\u0103, Pyrex sau Jena, nu fusese schimbat\u0103. O alt\u0103 fotografie prezenta primul aparat de fotografiat sovietic destinat exportului. Doar marca, Zorky, \u00eel deosebea de faimosul aparat de fotografiat german Leica.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Automobilul<\/a><\/strong>
Automobilul Pobeda, copie fidela dupa Opel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Automobilul rusesc Pobeda = ma\u015fina nem\u0163easc\u0103 Opel<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rolul INU \u00een crearea industriei de automobile a URSS a f\u0103cut obiectul unui alt capitol al manualului sovietic. Stalin personal a botezat cu numele Pobeda primul automobil construit cu echipamente \u015fi ingineri „confisca\u0163i” de INU de la uzinele germane Opel, care, \u00eenainte de r\u0103zboi, produceau mai multe autoturisme anual dec\u00e2t orice alt\u0103 fabric\u0103 european\u0103. „Pobeda \u00eenseamn\u0103 victorie” explica manualul, \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015f\u00e2nd o fotografie a noului automobil sovietic al\u0103turi de un Opel Kapitan german. „Gemene” era legenda de dedesubtul ilustra\u0163iei.<\/p>\n

Tot Pobeda a fost botezat \u015fi primul ceas produs \u00een Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 cu ajutorul altor echipamente \u015fi a altor speciali\u015fti transplanta\u0163i din Germania.<\/p>\n

Manualul sovietic pretindea c\u0103 INU a jucat acela\u015fi rol \u00een crearea tuturor celorlate ramuri industriale sovietice ce s-au n\u0103scut \u00een perioada imediat postbelic\u0103 \u015fi c\u0103 a avut un rol mai important dec\u00e2t toate ministerele sovietice luate la un loc. INU a confiscat \u00eentr-adev\u0103r\u00a0 unit\u0103\u0163ile industriale din teritoriile ocupate de Armata Ro\u015fie care erau proprietate german\u0103 sau fuseser\u0103 folosite de germani, indiferent dac\u0103 ele prezentau sau nu interes pentru economia sovietic\u0103. Iat\u0103 cum ru\u015fii \u015fi-au tr\u0103it \u00een toat\u0103 istoria lor doar prin furt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Furtul, hobby pentru comuni\u015ftii sovietici Furtul a fost \u00eentotdeauna sarcina fundamental\u0103 a spionajului sovietic. Toate serviciile de spionaj din lume fur\u0103 \u00eentr-un fel sau altul, deoarece informa\u0163iile de care au nevoie nu se g\u0103sesc pe strad\u0103. Serviciile de tip sovietic … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12748,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[1980,1213,203,1532,580,3248,3249,1635,3251,343,296,298,3250],"class_list":["post-12745","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-beria","tag-ceas","tag-germania","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-masina","tag-opel","tag-pobeda","tag-racheta","tag-scud","tag-sovietic","tag-stalin","tag-urss","tag-v2","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nOpera\u0163iunea H: un jaf sovietic de propor\u0163ii - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/operatiunea-h-un-jaf-sovietic-de-proportii\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Opera\u0163iunea H: un jaf sovietic de propor\u0163ii\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Furtul, hobby pentru comuni\u015ftii sovietici Furtul a fost \u00eentotdeauna sarcina fundamental\u0103 a spionajului sovietic. 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