{"id":12666,"date":"2010-05-16T12:31:39","date_gmt":"2010-05-16T09:31:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=12666"},"modified":"2010-05-18T22:08:15","modified_gmt":"2010-05-18T19:08:15","slug":"evanghelia-lui-toma-marea-pacaleala-gnostica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/evanghelia-lui-toma-marea-pacaleala-gnostica\/","title":{"rendered":"Evanghelia lui Toma: marea p\u0103c\u0103leal\u0103 gnostic\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"evanghelia<\/a>Unii critici radicali ai Noului Testament sus\u0163in faptul c\u0103 Evanghelia gnostic\u0103 a lui Toma este egal\u0103 sau superioar\u0103 Noului Testament \u015fi nu sus\u0163ine \u00eenvierea lui Hristos. Dar ce este Evanghelia lui Toma? Ea a fost descoperit\u0103 \u00een anul 1945 \u00een Nag Hammadi (l\u00e2ng\u0103 Cairo, Egipt) \u015fi a fost tradus\u0103 \u00een englez\u0103 \u00een anul 1977. De\u015fi unii au \u00eencercat s\u0103 dateze Evanghelia dup\u0103 Toma \u00eenainte de anii 140-170 d.Hr., \u00een mod clar ea nu poate fi mai devreme de ace\u015fti ani. De fapt, Evanghelia lui Toma s-ar putea s\u0103 fie chiar mai t\u00e2rzie, \u00eentruc\u00e2t primele relat\u0103ri despre ea apar \u00een scrierile lui Hipploytus din Roma (222-235) \u015fi Origen din Alexandria (233).<\/p>\n

C\u00e2t de credibil\u0103 este Evanghelia dup\u0103 Toma?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cea mai bun\u0103 modalitate de a evalua credibilitatea Evangheliei dup\u0103 Toma este aceea de a compara cu actualele 4 Evanghelii (Luca, Ioan, Marcu \u015fi Matei) ce sunt cuprinse \u00een Noul Testament. Din aceste compara\u0163ii rezult\u0103 urm\u0103toarele lucruri (f\u0103r\u0103 niciun dubiu):<\/p>\n

1) Evangheliile canonice sunt scrise mult mai devreme dec\u00e2t Evanghelia lui Toma<\/strong>. Marea majoritate a teologilor \u015fi cercet\u0103torilor accept\u0103 faptul c\u0103 evangheliile canonice au fost scrise \u00eentre anii 60-80 d.Hr., c\u0103ci exist\u0103 m\u0103rturii ale acestor evanghelii dup\u0103 anii 80 d.Hr., pe c\u00e2nd la Evanghelia lui Toma m\u0103rturiile apar mult mai t\u00e2rziu.<\/p>\n

2) Evanghelia lui Toma este dependent\u0103 de evangheliile canonice.<\/strong> Chiar dac\u0103 Evanghelia lui Toma ar putea con\u0163ine \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103minte autentice ale lui Iisus, totu\u015fi nicio afirma\u0163ie din evangheliile canonice nu depinde de Evanghelia lui Toma. Din contra, multe din afirma\u0163iile reg\u0103site \u00een Evanghelia lui Toma se reg\u0103sesc, mai \u00eenainte, \u00een evangheliile canonice. De exemplu, \u00een Evanghelia lui Toma, g\u0103sim scris:<\/p>\n

45: \u201c\u00cen Matei Isus spune: \u201cOri face\u0163i pomul bun \u015fi rodul lui bun, ori face\u0163i pomul r\u0103u \u015fi rodul lui.r\u0103u; c\u0103ci orice pom se cunoa\u015fte dupa rodul lui.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Astfel, precum se observ\u0103, \u00een Evanghelia lui Toma se face o referin\u0163\u0103 clar\u0103 la un citat din Evanghelia lui Matei (12:33), ceea ce demonstreaz\u0103 dependen\u0163a Evangheliei lui Toma de evangheliile canonice.<\/p>\n

\u00cen plus, cercet\u0103torul american Douglas Groothuis observ\u0103 c\u0103 un num\u0103r mare de „rostiri” din ea (48 din cele 114 pe care le con\u0163ine) se pot reg\u0103si \u00een Noul Testament. Preluarea a adus doar mici modific\u0103ri.<\/p>\n

3) Evanghelia lui Toma reflect\u0103 gnosticismul secolului al II-lea d.Hr. <\/strong>Evanghelia lui Toma este influen\u0163at\u0103 de gnosticismul care era prezent \u00een secolul al II-lea d.Hr. Astfel, sunt puse pe seama lui Iisus vorbe precum „Fiecare femeie care se va transforma \u00een b\u0103rbat va intra \u00een \u00cemp\u0103r\u0103\u0163ia lui Dumnezeu” <\/em>– afirma\u0163ie pe care Iisus n-ar fi spus-o niciodat\u0103.<\/p>\n

4) Lipsa miracolelor din Evanghelia lui Toma nu demonstreaz\u0103 faptul c\u0103 Iisus nu le-ar fi \u00eenf\u0103ptuit<\/strong>. Faptul c\u0103 autorul sau autorii acestei evanghelii nu au inclus \u00een ea povestirile privind miracolele realizate de Iisus, asta nu \u00eensemn\u0103 c\u0103 ele n-ar fi existat \u00een realitate. Evanghelia pare mai degrab\u0103 s\u0103 fie o colec\u0163ie de vorbe ale lui Iisus, dec\u00e2t prezentarea faptelor sale.<\/p>\n

5) Evangheliile canonice sunt mult mai credibile din punct de vedere istoric.<\/strong> Sunt numeroase motive pentru care evangheliile din Noul Testament sunt mult mai de \u00eencredere dec\u00e2t cele gnostice. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, primii cre\u015ftini au fost mult mai meticulo\u015fi \u00een p\u0103strarea cuvintelor \u015fi faptelor lui Iisus. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, cei care au scris evangheliile canonice au fost mult mai aproape de martorii oculari de pe timpul lui Iisus. E altceva s\u0103 scrii o evanghelie la 30-50 de ani de la moartea lui Iisus, \u015fi altceva e s-o scrii la 100-200 de ani de la moartea sa. \u00cen mod logic, care din cele dou\u0103 ar fi mai credibile? Odat\u0103 cu trecerea timpului, se pierde mult din autencitatea anumitor fapte.\u015ei \u00een al treilea r\u00e2nd, se observ\u0103 c\u0103 exist\u0103 mari deosebiri \u00eentre evangheliile gnostice, pe c\u00e2nd \u00eentre cele 4 evanghelii canonice asem\u0103n\u0103rile sunt evidente \u015fi creez\u0103 un acela\u015fi portret al lui Iisus Hristos. Cum po\u0163i avea \u00eencredere \u00een ni\u015fte evanghelii gnostice care se contrazic \u00eentre ele at\u00e2t de mult?<\/p>\n

6) Noul Testament s-a format \u00een primul secol d.Hr. <\/strong>Chiar dac\u0103 mai exist\u0103 unii critici care s-ar \u00eendoi de acest lucru, exist\u0103 dovezi clare c\u0103 evangheliile canonice au fost scrise chiar \u00een secolul \u00een care a tr\u0103it Iisus. Astfel, Petru vorbe\u015fte de epistolele lui Pavel (2 Petru 3:15-16), consider\u00e2ndu-le chiar parte din Vechiul Testament.<\/p>\n

„15. \u015ei \u00eendelunga-r\u0103bdare a Domnului nostru socoti\u0163i-o drept m\u00e2ntuire, precum v-a scris \u015fi iubitul nostru frate Pavel dup\u0103 \u00een\u0163elepciunea dat\u0103 lui.<\/em><\/p>\n

16. Cum vorbe\u015fte despre acestea, \u00een toate epistolele sale, \u00een care sunt unele lucruri cu anevoie de \u00een\u0163eles, pe care cei ne\u015ftiutori \u015fi ne\u00eent\u0103ri\u0163i le r\u0103st\u0103lm\u0103cesc, ca \u015fi pe celelalte Scripturi, spre a lor pierzare”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sf. Pavel a avut acces la Evanghelia lui Luca pe care o citeaz\u0103 \u00een scrierile sale. \u00cen afara Noului Testament, exist\u0103 \u015fi \u00eensemn\u0103ri „extra-canonice” care sprijin\u0103 existen\u0163a evangheliilor canonice \u00eenc\u0103 ndin primul secol. Printre aceste lucr\u0103ri, am putea aminti \u015fi lucrarea eretic\u0103 a gnosticului Marcion (scris\u0103 \u00een anul 140) care citeaz\u0103 din Evanghelia lui Luca, precum \u015fi 10 epistole ale lui Pavel.<\/p>\n

7) Sfin\u0163ii P\u0103rin\u0163i ai Bisericii Cre\u015ftine din secolul al 2-lea confirm\u0103 existen\u0163a evangheliilor canonice<\/strong>. Astfel, Clement din Roma (circa 95 d.Hr.) citeaz\u0103 din Noul Testament (Corintieni 13, 42, 46); Ignatius (circa 110-115 d.Hr.) citeaz\u0103 din Evanghelia lui Luca (24:39); Policarp (cca 115 d.Hr.) citeaz\u0103 toate Evangheliile sinoptice (Filipieni 2:7); \u00een „Epistola lui Barnabas” (circa 135 d.Hr.) se citeaz\u0103 din Evanghelia dup\u0103 Matei (22:14); Papias (circa 125-140 d.Hr.) \u00een opera sa „Oracole” \u00eei citeaz\u0103 pe Matei, Marcu \u015fi Ioan (ca autori ai Evangheliilor). \u015ei mai mult dec\u00e2t at\u00e2t, Sfin\u0163ii P\u0103rin\u0163i considerau \u00een operele sale c\u0103 evangheliile canonice sunt la fel de importante ca \u015fi Vechiul Testament. Astfel, ei au confirmat acurate\u0163ea evangheliilor canonice, la \u00eenceputul secolului al II-lea d.Hr., cu mult \u00eenainte ca Evanghelia lui Toma s\u0103 fi fost scris\u0103.<\/p>\n

8 ) Despre \u00eenvierea lui Hristos \u00een Evanghelia lui Toma<\/strong>. Mul\u0163i critici ai Noului Testament afirm\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een Evanghelia lui Toma nu se aduce aminte de \u00eenvierea lui Iisus. E adev\u0103rat c\u0103 nu se aduce aminte de cuv\u00e2ntul \u201e\u00eenviere\u201d \u00een aceast\u0103 evanghelie, dar a nu se uita c\u0103 ea este o evanghelie gnostic\u0103. Gnosticismul este o mi\u015fcare care era \u00eempotriva materiei, sus\u0163in\u00e2nd superioritatea spiritului chiar \u015fi \u00een lumea material\u0103. Astfel, \u00eenvierea corpului (ca materie) ar fi \u00eempotriva teologiei spiritului promovat\u0103 de gnosticism.<\/p>\n

\u00cen concluzie, pentru cei care se gr\u0103besc s\u0103 mai „glorifice” Evanghelia lui Toma, le aducem aminte ceea ce spunea dumnezeiescul Ioan Gura de Aur:\u00a0 „Acordul dintre Evanghelii este dovedit nu numai de c\u0103tre \u00eentreaga lume care a primit cele spuse \u00een ele, dar \u015fi de du\u015fmanii adev\u0103rului. Dup\u0103 moartea evangheli\u015ftilor, s-au ivit multe erezii cu \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103turi potrivnice celor scrise \u00een Evanghelii; unele dintre aceste erezii au primit toate cele spuse \u00een Evanghelii, altele au t\u0103iat cele spuse \u00een Evanghelii \u015fi au Evangheliile lor sub forma aceasta trunchiat\u0103. Acum, dac\u0103 ar fi contrazicere \u00eentre cele patru Evanghelii, nici ereziile acelea care au \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103turi potrivnice n-ar fi primit tot textul celor patru Evanghelii, ci numai acele p\u0103r\u0163i din Evanghelii care, dup\u0103 p\u0103rerea lor, se potriveau cu propriile lor \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103turi; \u015fi nici ereziile care au primit numai o parte din textul Evangheliilor n-ar fi putut fi comb\u0103tute pe temeiul p\u0103r\u0163ilor evanghelice acceptate de ele, deoarece nici aceste p\u0103r\u0163i nu las\u0103 necunoscute p\u0103r\u0163ile evanghelice date la o parte de erezii, ci v\u0103desc \u00eenrudirea cu tot textul Evangheliilor”.<\/em><\/p>\n

P.S. \u0162in\u00e2nd cont de cele mai spus, r\u0103spund astfel \u015fi la abera\u0163iile lui Pavel Coru\u0163, care pe forumul s\u0103u, „Drumul \u00eenving\u0103torilor” scria:<\/p>\n

Manuscrisele de la Marea Moart\u0103 au fost publicate \u015fi \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, \u00een perioada socialist\u0103, la Editura Politic\u0103, astfel c\u0103 pot fi consultate \u00een biblioteci [eu am un exemplar]. Cea mai obiectiv\u0103 dintre toate cele 10 evanghelii copte, aflate \u00een prezent la Muzeul National din Cairo-Egipt, mi se pare cea dup\u0103 Toma. \u00cen esen\u0163\u0103, apostolul Toma sus\u0163ine urm\u0103toarele despre Jeshua, individul zeificat de judeo-cre\u015ftini ca Isus Hristos:
\na] A fost un simplu predicator judeu, interesat s\u0103 aduc\u0103 unele modific\u0103ri textelor originale ale Vechiului Testament. Predica mai ales pentru cei s\u0103raci \u0219i ignoran\u0163i, fapt ce explic\u0103 de c\u0103rturarii nu prea l-au b\u0103gat \u00een seam\u0103.
\nb] N-a s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fit niciuna din minunile descrise \u00een cele patru evanghelii canonice. Relat\u0103rile despre aceste minuni circulau de mult timp \u00een folclorul judeu despre proorocii Ilie Tesviteanul \u015fi Eliseiu.
\nc] N-a fost maltratat de romani, deoarece era pacifist \u0219i \u00eemp\u0103ciuitor.
\nd] N-a fost crucificat \u0219i nici n-a \u00eenviat. Fariseii tradi\u0163ionali\u015fti l-au b\u0103tut \u015fi l-au alungat \u00een Shrinagar, unde a tr\u0103it p\u00e2n\u0103 la ad\u00e2nci b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u0163i.
\nDiscovery a prezentat o emisiune despre aceste evanghelii, insist\u00e2nd asupra discrepan\u0163ei dintre ele \u015fi cele canonice. \u00cenc\u0103p\u0103\u0163\u00e2narea cu care clerul \u0163ine cu din\u0163ii de cele patru evanghelii canonizate de episcopii judeo-cre\u015ftini s\u0103lbatici din sec.4 e.n.nu-i face nici cinste, nici servicii. \u00cen mod normal, ar trebui s\u0103 fie prezentate oamenilor toate cele 39 de evanghelii [dup\u0103 Petru, dup\u0103 Iuda, dup\u0103 Toma, dup\u0103 Bartolomeu, dup\u0103 Maria Magdalena, dup\u0103 Filip etc.], \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 ne putem face o p\u0103rere corect\u0103 \u015fi complet\u0103. \u00cen toate e vorba de mitologie \u015fi nu adev\u0103ruri, cum de altfel e vorba \u00een toate religiile lumii.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Sursa: http:\/\/forum.drumulinvingatorilor.ro\/index.php?topic=842.15<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Trec\u00e2nd peste faptul c\u0103 dnul Pavel Coru\u0163 are multe gre\u015feli gramaticale \u00een text (uita\u0163i-v\u0103 pe linkul original, nu pe textul de mai sus corectat de mine), ca de exemplu nu \u015ftie s\u0103 articuleze cuvintele, a\u015feaz\u0103 virgulele aiurea \u00een text (ceea ce m\u0103 face s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eendoiesc de „vasta” lui cultur\u0103), el \u00eencepe cu un mare neadev\u0103r: aceea c\u0103 aceast\u0103 evanghelie ar fi fost scris\u0103 de apostolul Toma. Marea majoritate a cercet\u0103torilor consider\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 autorul evangheliei este necunoscut, neput\u00e2nd fi vorba de apostolul Toma. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, nu poate dec\u00e2t s\u0103 m\u0103 mire cum, \u00een plin\u0103 perioad\u0103 comunist\u0103, a fost publicat\u0103 la o editur\u0103 apar\u0163in\u00e2nd Partidului Comunist, Editura Politic\u0103, tocmai Evanghelia lui Toma. De c\u00e2nd \u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd marii comuni\u015fti atei se preocupau de probleme teologice!?<\/p>\n

\u00cen al treilea r\u00e2nd, precum am mai explicat \u015fi \u00een articolul din fa\u0163\u0103, faptul de a nu vorbi despre miracole, asta nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 ele nu ar fi existat. Evanghelia lui Toma pare mai degrab\u0103 a fi o analiz\u0103 teologic\u0103 a cuvintelor lui Iisus, \u015fi nu o relatare a biografiei \u015fi faptelor sale. Totodat\u0103, pentru c\u0103 Evanghelia lui Toma are un caracter gnostic, era \u015fi normal c\u0103 \u00een ea s\u0103 nu se vorbeasc\u0103 de \u00eenvierea lui Iisus, c\u0103ci gnosticii nu credeau \u00een \u00eenvierea unui corp material.<\/p>\n

Ar fi bine ca mul\u0163i dintre voi s\u0103 nu v\u0103 mai l\u0103sa\u0163i manipula\u0163i de abera\u0163iile acestui Pavel Coru\u0163, securist al regimului comunist.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Unii critici radicali ai Noului Testament sus\u0163in faptul c\u0103 Evanghelia gnostic\u0103 a lui Toma este egal\u0103 sau superioar\u0103 Noului Testament \u015fi nu sus\u0163ine \u00eenvierea lui Hristos. Dar ce este Evanghelia lui Toma? Ea a fost descoperit\u0103 \u00een anul 1945 \u00een … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12667,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[60,211,3238,212,210,1366,1932,9796,3239],"class_list":["post-12666","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-biblie","tag-crestinism","tag-evanghelia-lui-toma","tag-evanghelie","tag-iisus-hristos","tag-inviere","tag-noul-testament","tag-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-pavel-corut","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nEvanghelia lui Toma: marea p\u0103c\u0103leal\u0103 gnostic\u0103 - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/evanghelia-lui-toma-marea-pacaleala-gnostica\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Evanghelia lui Toma: marea p\u0103c\u0103leal\u0103 gnostic\u0103\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Unii critici radicali ai Noului Testament sus\u0163in faptul c\u0103 Evanghelia gnostic\u0103 a lui Toma este egal\u0103 sau superioar\u0103 Noului Testament \u015fi nu sus\u0163ine \u00eenvierea lui Hristos. 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