{"id":12483,"date":"2010-05-01T22:30:35","date_gmt":"2010-05-01T19:30:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=12483"},"modified":"2010-05-05T20:15:47","modified_gmt":"2010-05-05T17:15:47","slug":"gravitatia-cea-mai-mare-enigma-a-universului","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/gravitatia-cea-mai-mare-enigma-a-universului\/","title":{"rendered":"Gravita\u0163ia, cea mai mare enigm\u0103 a Universului"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"gravitatia<\/a>Au trecut mai mult de trei secole de c\u00e2nd fizicianul, matematicianul \u015fi astronomul englez Sir Isaac Newton (1642 -1727) \u015fi-a f\u0103cut cunoscut\u0103 marea descoperire, publicat\u0103 \u00een cartea sa \u201ePrincipiile matematice ale filosofiei naturale” <\/em>(1687). Legea gravita\u0163iei universale – conform c\u0103reia, dou\u0103 corpuri din Univers, oricare ar fi ele, P\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u015fi Luna, Soarele \u015fi P\u0103m\u00e2ntul etc, se atrag reciproc, cu o for\u0163\u0103 propor\u0163ional\u0103 cu masele lor \u015fi invers propor\u0163ional\u0103 cu p\u0103tratul distan\u0163ei dintre centrele lor. Cu toate acestea, nici p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi nu cunoa\u015ftem natura acestei for\u0163e, pe care o numim for\u0163\u0103 gravita\u0163ional\u0103 sau, pur \u015fi simplu, gravita\u0163ie.<\/p>\n

Newton \u00eensu\u015fi s-a ferit s\u0103 dea o explica\u0163ie, spun\u00e2nd c\u0103: \u201eE suficient c\u0103 gravita\u0163ia exist\u0103 \u00een realitate \u015fi ac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 conform legilor expuse de mine – \u015fi este ceva absolut suficient pentru explicarea mi\u015fc\u0103rii tuturor corpurilor cere\u015fti \u015fi a m\u0103rii” <\/em>– r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd astfel credincios devizei sale \u201eNu inventez ipoteze”<\/em>. \u00cenaintea sa, astronomul german Johannes Kepler (1571 -1630) a descoperit c\u0103 vitezele planetelor pe orbitele lor \u00een jurul Soarelui depind de distan\u0163a fa\u0163\u0103 de acesta \u015fi a afirmat, \u00eenaintea lui Newton, c\u0103 o for\u0163\u0103 de atrac\u0163ie (pe care el o considera de natur\u0103 magnetic\u0103!) ac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00eentre Soare \u015fi planete, ca \u015fi \u00eentre P\u0103m\u00e2nt \u015fi Lun\u0103, \u015fi c\u0103 aceast\u0103 for\u0163\u0103 determin\u0103 mi\u015fcarea pe orbitele planetare \u015fi pe orbita lunar\u0103 \u015fi, de asemenea, c\u0103 for\u0163a de atrac\u0163ie a Lunii provoac\u0103 mareele.<\/p>\n

\u015ei Michael Faraday (1791 -1867) s-a preocupat de natura gravita\u0163iei, \u00een jurnalul s\u0103u de laborator a f\u0103cut urm\u0103toarea \u00eensemnare: \u201eCu siguran\u0163\u0103, aceast\u0103 for\u0163\u0103 (gravita\u0163ia) trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 o leg\u0103tur\u0103, ce poate fi dovedit\u0103 experimental, cu electricitatea, magnetismul \u015fi alte for\u0163e, a\u015fa \u00eenc\u00e2t ea s\u0103 produc\u0103, cu ajutorul lor, prin ac\u0163iunea reciproc\u0103, \u015fi un efect echivalent. S\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim un moment cum s\u0103 proced\u0103m pentru a aborda aceast\u0103 chestiune, servindu-ne de fapte \u015fi de \u00eencerc\u0103ri”<\/em> (ceea ce nu a reu\u015fit, cu toate c\u0103 el a fost cel mai mare fizician experimentator al secolului al XIX-lea!). Al\u0163i experimentatori au \u00eencercat \u015fi ei s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 conexiuni \u00eentre gravita\u0163ie \u015fi alte fenomene fizice de natur\u0103 electric\u0103, magnetic\u0103, termic\u0103 – dar f\u0103r\u0103 succes.<\/p>\n

De ce gravita\u0163ia e doar for\u0163\u0103 de atrac\u0163ie?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Din punct de vedere formal, legea atrac\u0163iei gravita\u0163ionale este asem\u0103n\u0103toare legii lui Coulomb a interac\u0163iunii sarcinilor electrice, respectiv asem\u0103n\u0103toare legii de interac\u0163iune a polilor magnetici. De ce for\u0163ele gravita\u0163ionale sunt numai de atrac\u0163ie, pe c\u00e2nd for\u0163ele electrice \u015fi cele magnetice pot fi at\u00e2t de atrac\u0163ie (\u00eentre sarcini electrice de semne contrare sau \u00eentre poli magnetici diferi\u0163i), c\u00e2t \u015fi de respingere (\u00eentre sarcini electrice de acela\u015fi semn, ambele pozitive sau ambele negative) sau \u00eentre poli magnetici identici (ambii poli nord sau ambii poli sud)?<\/p>\n

Nimeni nu scap\u0103 de for\u0163a gravita\u0163ional\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 \u015fi o alt\u0103 deosebire fundamental\u0103 \u00eentre gravita\u0163ie \u015fi electromagnetism. C\u00e2mpul electric \u015fi c\u00e2mpul magnetic pot fi ecranate, pe c\u00e2nd c\u00e2mpul gravita\u0163ional, nu. Dac\u0103 un corp electrizat – de exemplu, sfera metalic\u0103 a unei ma\u015fini electrostatice Van de Graaff – este \u00eenconjurat\u0103 de o cu\u015fc\u0103 metalic\u0103 (\u201ecu\u015fca lui Faraday”), c\u00e2mpul electric generat de sfer\u0103 nu trece \u00een exteriorul cu\u015ftii. La fel se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 dac\u0103 un magnet este introdus \u00eentr-o cutie metalic\u0103 de fier, c\u00e2mpul magnetic nu trece prin pere\u0163ii ei. Nu acela\u015fi lucru se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een cazul c\u00e2mpului gravita\u0163ional, care nu poate fi ecranat. Nimeni nu scap\u0103 de ac\u0163iunea lui, orice ar face.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cartea sa \u201ePrimii oameni pe Lun\u0103”<\/em> (S.F.), scriitorul englez H.G. Wells (1866 – 1946) poveste\u015fte despre expedi\u0163ia realizat\u0103 de trei exploratori, care au construit o nav\u0103 cosmic\u0103 ce i-a transportat pe Lun\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 fie echipat\u0103 cu motoare-rachet\u0103. Ei au folosit, pentru construc\u0163ia corpului navei, un material inventat de unul dintre ei, numit \u201ecavorit”, care avea proprietatea extraordinar\u0103 de a ecrana c\u00e2mpul gravita\u0163ional. Principiul de func\u0163ionare era foarte simplu: deschiz\u00e2nd obloanele situate \u00een direc\u0163ia Lunii, sub ac\u0163iunea for\u0163ei gravita\u0163ionale a Lunii, nava se deplasa spre Lun\u0103. Invers, pentru ca nava s\u0103 revin\u0103 pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt, era suficient s\u0103 se \u00eenchid\u0103 obloanele dinspre Lun\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 fie deschise cele orientate spre P\u0103m\u00e2nt. Ideea era ingenioas\u0103 \u015fi, \u00een plus, avea avantajul c\u0103 \u00een cursul deplas\u0103rii nu se consuma combustibil. Partea proast\u0103 este c\u0103 nimeni n-a reu\u015fit s\u0103 inventeze cavoritul!<\/p>\n

Gravita\u0163ia penetreaz\u0103 tot<\/strong><\/p>\n

Proprietatea c\u00e2mpului gravita\u0163ional de a penetra toate corpurile o \u00eent\u00e2lnim \u015fi \u00een cazul radia\u0163iilor X \u015fi gama (y). Lumina vizibil\u0103 care este, de asemenea, de natur\u0103 electromagnetic\u0103, trece prin medii transparente precum sticla, apa, aerul etc. – dar are loc o atenuare, datorit\u0103 fenomenului de absorb\u0163ie. \u00cen schimb, radia\u0163iile X, y \u015fi fasciculele de neutroni pot trece prin blocuri groase de beton! Exist\u0103 \u015fi particule, ca neutrinii, care pot str\u0103punge P\u0103m\u00e2ntul, de la un pol la cel\u0103lalt, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi absorbi\u0163i.<\/p>\n

Fizicienii presupun (dar deocamdat\u0103 nu exist\u0103 nicio dovad\u0103) c\u0103 \u015fi c\u00e2mpul gravita\u0163ional, la nivel cuantic, este alc\u0103tuit din corpusculi, pe care i-au numit \u201egravitoni”, tot a\u015fa cum lumina este format\u0103 din fotoni, a c\u0103ror mas\u0103 este extrem de mic\u0103, dar care nu au sarcini electrice. Gravitonul – cuanta c\u00e2mpului gravita\u0163ional – are o mas\u0103 extrem de mic\u0103, care, din acest motiv, n-a putut fi m\u0103surat\u0103, dar care este apreciat\u0103 la aproximativ 10 (-14) din masa unui proton. Ace\u015fti gravitoni au propriet\u0103\u0163i foarte asem\u0103n\u0103toare neutrinilor. Nu cumva presupu\u015fii gravitoni sunt de fapt neutrini? Nu \u015ftim \u00eenc\u0103…<\/p>\n

\"gravitatia\"<\/a>Teoria relativit\u0103\u0163ii generale \u015fi gravita\u0163ia<\/strong><\/p>\n

La \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea s-a f\u0103cut un pas \u00eenainte. Einstein, \u00een teoria sa a relativit\u0103\u0163ii generale, a \u00eencercat s\u0103 includ\u0103, \u00eentr-o teorie unitar\u0103, teoria relativit\u0103\u0163ii restr\u00e2nse (care \u00eengloba mecanica \u015fi electromagnetismul) \u015fi gravita\u0163ia. El a considerat c\u0103 for\u0163ele gravita\u0163ionale se pot reduce la for\u0163e de iner\u0163ie generate de mi\u015fcarea accelerat\u0103 a maselor, analoage for\u0163elor centripete \u015fi centrifuge. \u00cen teoria relativit\u0103\u0163ii generale, la cele trei coordonate spa\u0163iale se adaug\u0103 timpul, ca o a patra coordonat\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t se poate vorbi despre un \u201eunivers cvadridimensional”, o teorie dificil\u0103, \u00een care Einstein face uz de calculul tensorial – \u015fi consider\u0103 c\u0103 spa\u0163iul fizic este riemannian, un spa\u0163iu curb \u00een care se aplic\u0103 geometria lui Riemann (1826 -1866), o geometrie neeuclidian\u0103, ceea ce face foarte dificil\u0103 \u00een\u0163elegerea ei.<\/p>\n

Conform teoriei relativit\u0103\u0163ii generale, care de fapt este o teorie a gravita\u0163iei, traiectoria unei raze de lumin\u0103 care vine de la o stea, la trecerea ei prin apropierea Soarelui, se curbeaz\u0103 datorit\u0103 c\u00e2mpului gravita\u0163ional foarte intens. Faptul a fost verificat experimental de astronomul britanic Sir Arthur Eddington, \u00een 1919, \u00een timpul unei eclipse totale de Soare. Teoria relativit\u0103\u0163ii generale st\u0103 la baza cosmogoniei moderne. Ulterior, Einstein a ad\u0103ugat la ecua\u0163iile c\u00e2mpului gravita\u0163ional a\u015fa-numitul termen cosmologic. Cu toate \u00eencerc\u0103rile sale de a o perfec\u0163iona, Einstein \u00eensu\u015fi s-a declarat nemul\u0163umit de rezultatele ob\u0163inute, d\u00e2ndu-\u015fi seama c\u0103 avea p\u0103r\u0163i slabe, de natur\u0103 profund\u0103. Teoria relativit\u0103\u0163ii generale era mai degrab\u0103 o teorie matematic\u0103 (o geometrizare a fizicii), dec\u00e2t o teorie fizic\u0103.<\/p>\n

Enigma undelor gravita\u0163ionale<\/strong><\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 enigm\u0103 a gravita\u0163iei se refer\u0103 la undele gravita\u0163ionale. Exist\u0103 unde gravita\u0163ionale? Dac\u0103 da, cu ce vitez\u0103 se propag\u0103? Care este lungimea lor de und\u0103? Primele \u00eencerc\u0103ri de detectare a undelor gravita\u0163ionale venite din spa\u0163iul cosmic au fost f\u0103cute de fizicianul Joseph Weber (\u00een 1969) de la Universitatea din Maryland (S.U.A.), el folosind pentru detectarea lor un sistem de cilindri, dar rezultatele ob\u0163inute n-au fost concludente, deoarece sensibilitatea aparaturii utilizate nu era suficient de mare.<\/p>\n

O surs\u0103 de unde gravita\u0163ionale ar putea fi o stea neutronic\u0103 numit\u0103 pulsar. \u00cen 1974, doi astrofizicieni americani, Russell Hulse (n. 1950) \u015fi Joseph Taylor (n. 1941) au descoperit primul pulsar binar, numit a\u015fa pentru c\u0103 era, de fapt, format din dou\u0103 stele neutronice (o stea dubl\u0103), ce emitea semnale radio la intervale care se modificau \u00een timp, pe care le-au detectat cu ajutorul radiotelescopului de la Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Cele dou\u0103 stele neutronice aveau fiecare masa de aproximativ 1,5 ori masa Soarelui, distan\u0163a dintre ele fiind de 700 000 km, una dintre ele rotindu-se \u00een jurul celeilalte, cu o perioad\u0103 de rota\u0163ie T = 8 ore. Datorit\u0103 distan\u0163ei mici, din punct de vedere astronomic, dintre ele, c\u00e2mpurile gravita\u0163ionale ale celor dou\u0103 stele sunt extrem de intense \u015fi pulsarul emite \u00een spa\u0163iu unde gravita\u0163ionale, ceea ce duce la o pierdere de energie a sistemului \u015fi la o apropiere treptat\u0103 a lor, fapt care explic\u0103 varia\u0163ia intervalelor de timp \u00eentre impulsurile radio emise. Apropierea celor dou\u0103 stele neutronice va duce, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, la ciocnirea lor \u015fi la generarea unor unde gravita\u0163ionale extrem de puternice, care ar putea fi detectate \u015fi de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cazul pulsarului descoperit de J. Taylor \u015fi R. Hulse, apropierea stelelor se face extrem de \u00eencet – ciocnirea lor ar putea avea loc peste aproximativ 500 000 de ani. Exist\u0103 \u00eens\u0103, \u00een Calea Lactee – galaxia din care face parte Sistemul nostru Solar – al\u0163i asemenea pulsari binari (p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent au fost descoperi\u0163i peste 20), ce evolueaz\u0103 la fel \u015fi care, prin ciocnirea stelelor neutronice care \u00eei alc\u0103tuiesc, ar putea produce unde gravita\u0163ionale extrem de puternice, detectabile de pe Terra. Pentru descoperirea lor, prin care ei au demonstrat, \u00een mod indirect, existen\u0163a undelor gravita\u0163ionale, analiz\u00e2nd iregularit\u0103\u0163ile intervalelor de timp dintre impulsurile recep\u0163ionate, J. Taylor \u015fi R. Hulse au primit premiul Nobel pentru fizic\u0103 \u00een anul 1993. Cu toate acestea, nu ne putem declara satisf\u0103cu\u0163i: \u00eenc\u0103 nu avem o dovad\u0103 direct\u0103 a existen\u0163ei undelor gravita\u0163ionale, nu \u015ftim care este lungimea lor de und\u0103 \u015fi nici cu ce vitez\u0103 se propag\u0103.<\/p>\n

Anomaliile gravita\u0163ionale<\/strong><\/p>\n

Colac peste pup\u0103z\u0103, a ap\u0103rut o nou\u0103 enigm\u0103: anomaliile gravita\u0163ionale eviden\u0163iate de sondele spa\u0163iale americane. Dup\u0103 25 de ani de la lansare, s-a constatat c\u0103 Pioneer 10, lansat\u0103 \u00een 1972, \u015fi Pioneer 11, lansat\u0103 \u00een 1973, spre marginile Sistemului Solar, au parcurs o distan\u0163\u0103 mai mic\u0103 dec\u00e2t cea prev\u0103zut\u0103. Ceva asem\u0103n\u0103tor, dar de mai mic\u0103 amploare, s-a observat \u015fi \u00een cazul sondelor spa\u0163iale Ulysse \u015fi Galileo, – de unde, cercet\u0103torii au tras concluzia c\u0103 este necesar\u0103 o oarecare (mic\u0103) corec\u0163ie a ecua\u0163iilor lui Einstein, prin luarea \u00een considerare a unui parametru secund, un fel de for\u0163\u0103 gravita\u0163ional\u0103 secundar\u0103. Pentru verificare, speciali\u015ftii propun trimiterea unei noi sonde pe aceea\u015fi traiectorie cu Pioneer 10, care s\u0103 m\u0103soare mai precis anomalia. O alt\u0103 cale ar fi ca, \u00een locul sondei, s\u0103 se urm\u0103reasc\u0103 eventualele modific\u0103ri ale gravita\u0163iei – prin detectarea pozi\u0163iilor cometelor sau a unui num\u0103r de asteroizi, \u00een cazul c\u0103rora, ele mi\u015fc\u00e2ndu-se pe orbite foarte alungite (cu excentricitate mare), vitezele \u015fi distan\u0163ele lor p\u00e2n\u0103 la Soare variaz\u0103 semnificativ.<\/p>\n

Cum analiza m\u0103sur\u0103torilor f\u0103cute \u015fi culegerea de noi date, \u00een diferite regiuni ale Sistemului Solar, asupra unor corpuri cu mase diferite, necesit\u0103 timp, cercet\u0103torii nu se pot \u00eenc\u0103 pronun\u0163a dac\u0103, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, corec\u0163ia propus\u0103
\ntrebuie f\u0103cut\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen concluzie, gravita\u0163ia continu\u0103 s\u0103 fie cea mai mare enigm\u0103 a Universului, \u00eenc\u0103 de nep\u0103truns. \u015etim c\u0103 exist\u0103, \u015ftim cum ac\u0163ioneaz\u0103, dar nu \u015ftim ce este!<\/p>\n

(Text de Nicolae Chiorcea)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Au trecut mai mult de trei secole de c\u00e2nd fizicianul, matematicianul \u015fi astronomul englez Sir Isaac Newton (1642 -1727) \u015fi-a f\u0103cut cunoscut\u0103 marea descoperire, publicat\u0103 \u00een cartea sa \u201ePrincipiile matematice ale filosofiei naturale” (1687). Legea gravita\u0163iei universale – conform c\u0103reia, … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12484,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[102,610,2677,348,1367,3215,157,808,3216,865,9803,1104],"class_list":["post-12483","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-stiinta","tag-astronomie","tag-einstein","tag-faraday","tag-fizica","tag-gravitatie","tag-hg-wells","tag-kepler","tag-newton","tag-pulsar","tag-soare","tag-stiinta","tag-teoria-relativitatii","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nGravita\u0163ia, cea mai mare enigm\u0103 a Universului - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/gravitatia-cea-mai-mare-enigma-a-universului\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gravita\u0163ia, cea mai mare enigm\u0103 a Universului\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Au trecut mai mult de trei secole de c\u00e2nd fizicianul, matematicianul \u015fi astronomul englez Sir Isaac Newton (1642 -1727) \u015fi-a f\u0103cut cunoscut\u0103 marea descoperire, publicat\u0103 \u00een cartea sa \u201ePrincipiile matematice ale filosofiei naturale” (1687). 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