{"id":11910,"date":"2010-03-18T21:42:43","date_gmt":"2010-03-18T19:42:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=11910"},"modified":"2010-03-21T14:58:12","modified_gmt":"2010-03-21T12:58:12","slug":"apollonios-din-tyana-misteriosul-filozof-grec-rivalul-lui-iisus-hristos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/apollonios-din-tyana-misteriosul-filozof-grec-rivalul-lui-iisus-hristos\/","title":{"rendered":"Apollonios din Tyana, misteriosul filozof grec, rivalul lui Iisus Hristos?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Apollonios2\"<\/a>Apollonios din Tyana a fost un neopitagoric din primul secol d.Hr., un filozof charismatic, om de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103, vegetarian \u015fi taumaturg. A fost probabil cel mai faimos filozof din lumea greco-roman\u0103, contemporan cu Iisus, cu care a \u015fi fost adesea comparat. Apollonios a c\u0103l\u0103torit enorm pentru vremea sa. A vizitat, printre altele, Siria, Egiptul \u015fi India \u015fi se spune c\u0103 a f\u0103cut multe minuni \u015fi era foarte \u00een\u0163elept. \u00cen timpul vie\u0163ii sale, dar \u015fi dup\u0103, a dob\u00e2ndit o faim\u0103 aproape mitic\u0103, iar \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103turile sale au influen\u0163at g\u00e2ndirea \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 \u015fi spiritual\u0103 vreme de mai bine de 2 000 de ani.<\/p>\n

Via\u0163a lui Apollonios…pus\u0103 sub semnul \u00eentreb\u0103rii?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen timpul vie\u0163ii sale, Apollonios a scris numeroase c\u0103r\u0163i \u015fi tratate despre diverse subiecte, printre care filozofia, \u015ftiin\u0163a \u015fi medicina, dar, din nefericire, niciuna dintre lucr\u0103rile sale nu a supravie\u0163uit. Exist\u0103 o scurt\u0103 men\u0163ionare a sa \u00een lucr\u0103rile autorilor cre\u015ftini precum Sf\u00e2ntul Ieronim \u015fi Sf\u00e2ntul Augustin, dar sursa principal\u0103 este Via\u0163a lui Apollonios<\/em> scris\u0103 de autorul atenian Flavius Philostratus (cea 170-245 d.Hr.). Scris\u0103 \u00een greac\u0103 \u00een anul 216 d.Hr., lucrarea const\u0103 \u00een opt c\u0103r\u0163i \u015fi este singura biografie r\u0103mas\u0103 a marelui \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at. Aparent, se bazeaz\u0103 pe jurnalul \u0163inut de tovar\u0103\u015ful lui Apollonios, Damis, \u015fi a fost cerut de Iulia Domna de Syria, a doua so\u0163ie a \u00eemp\u0103ratului Septimius Severus, mama lui Caracalla. Un motiv pentru care s-a sugerat c\u0103 Iulia a cerut o asemenea lucrare a fost pentru a demonstra influen\u0163a cre\u015ftinismului asupra civiliza\u0163iei romane. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, unii au v\u0103zut-o chiar ca pe o \u00eencercare de a construi imaginea unui rival al lui Iisus, cu puteri la fel de miraculoase. Lucrarea \u00een sine este un amestec ciudat de adev\u0103r istoric \u015fi fic\u0163iune romantic\u0103, motiv pentru care se \u015ftiu at\u00e2t de pu\u0163ine lucruri despre Apollonios. De fapt, sunt povestite at\u00e2tea miracole \u00een aceast\u0103 carte, \u00eenc\u00e2t mul\u0163i oameni au crezut c\u0103 Apollonios din Tyana este un personaj \u00een \u00eentregime fic\u0163ional. Chiar \u015fi ast\u0103zi exist\u0103 oameni care au aceast\u0103 p\u0103rere.<\/p>\n

Vegetarian, celibatar \u015fi b\u0103rbos<\/strong><\/p>\n

Apollonios s-a n\u0103scut \u00een jurul anului 2 d.Hr. \u00een Tyana (actualul ora\u015f Bor din sudul Turciei), \u00een provincia roman\u0103 Cappadocia. S-a n\u0103scut \u00eentr-o familie elen\u0103 bogat\u0103 \u015fi respectat\u0103 \u015fi a primit cea mai bun\u0103 educa\u0163ie, studiind gramatica \u015fi retorica \u00een Tars, medicina la templul lui Esculap de la Marea Egee \u015fi filozofia la \u015ecoala lui Pitagora. La v\u00e2rsta de 16 ani a adoptat disciplina \u015ecolii pitagorice \u015fi \u015fi-a impus un stil de via\u0163\u0103 auster. \u015ei-a l\u0103sat p\u0103rul s\u0103 creasc\u0103 lung, nu s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit, s-a ab\u0163inut de la vin \u015fi carne. Purta doar haine de bumbac. Nu s-a b\u0103rbierit niciodat\u0103 \u015fi dormea pe p\u0103m\u00e2ntul gol. Cur\u00e2nd, Apallonios a devenit renumit pentru obiceiurile sale \u015fi pentru criticismul sever fa\u0163\u0103 de practica p\u0103g\u00e2n\u0103 de a sacrifica animale pentru zei.<\/p>\n

Citea min\u0163ile oamenilor, prezicea viitorul, \u00een\u0163elegea glasul animalelor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mai t\u00e2rziu, a d\u0103ruit o mare parte din mo\u015ftenirea sa fratelui mai mare \u015fi celorlalte rude nevoia\u015fe, p\u0103str\u00e2nd pentru sine doar c\u00e2t \u00eei trebuia pentru nevoile de baz\u0103. A \u00eenceput astfel o perioad\u0103 de cinci ani de t\u0103cere. Aceast\u0103 t\u0103cere pare s\u0103-i fi sporit aura spiritual\u0103, care \u00eel \u00eenconjura deja, \u015fi reputa\u0163ia de prezic\u0103tor \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at. Philostratus \u00eel descrie pe Apollonios ca pe un supraom, care \u015ftia toate limbile f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 le fi studiat, putea citi min\u0163ile oamenilor, \u00een\u0163elegea limba p\u0103s\u0103rilor \u015fi a animalelor \u015fi avea abilitatea de a prezice viitorul.<\/p>\n

Apollonios a studiat marile religii ale lumii<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fascinat de doctrinele secrete ale religiilor lumii \u015fi dedicat purific\u0103rii numeroaselor culte din Imperiul Roman, Apollonios a pornit \u00eentr-o c\u0103l\u0103torie de descoperire, \u00een\u0163elegere, reformare \u015fi predare a propriei filozofii neopitagorice, oriunde avea ocazia. A vizitat Ninive \u015fi Babilonul \u015fi a str\u0103b\u0103tut o mare parte din Asia Mic\u0103 (Turcia de ast\u0103zi), Persia, India \u015fi Egipt, unde a vizitat cataractele Nilului. \u00cen aceste peregrin\u0103ri a intrat \u00een contact cu misticismul oriental al magilor, brahmanilor \u015fi gimnosofi\u015ftilor \u015fi \u015fi-a \u00eent\u00e2lnit scribul \u015fi discipolul principal, Damis, ale c\u0103rui relat\u0103ri ale evenimentelor din via\u0163a filozofului se pare c\u0103 au influen\u0163at biografia lui Philostratus.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2inele negru din templul Efes \u015fi Apollonios<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pentru o vreme, marele \u00een\u0163elept \u015fi discipolul s\u0103u au stat \u00een ora\u015ful antic Efes (din Turcia de ast\u0103zi), unde a devenit celebru pentru condamnarea tr\u00e2nd\u0103viei \u015fi a stilului de via\u0163\u0103 materialist al popula\u0163iei. Apollonios a \u00eencercat s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 misterele zei\u0163ei Efes, dar a fost alungat cu violen\u0163\u0103 de preo\u0163i. \u00cenainte de a p\u0103r\u0103si ora\u015ful, a prezis c\u0103 o epidemie \u00eengrozitoare se va abate asupra lui, iar preo\u0163ii \u00eei vor cere cur\u00e2nd ajutorul. La \u00eenceput, ace\u015ftia i-au ignorat avertismentul aparent ne\u00eentemeiat, dar cur\u00e2nd, c\u00e2nd o epidemie cumplit\u0103 s-a ab\u0103tut asupra lor, nu au avut \u00eencotro \u015fi au trimis dup\u0103 marele magician. C\u00e2nd acesta a venit, a descoperit c\u0103 motivul \u00eel reprezenta un cer\u015fetor b\u0103tr\u00e2n \u015fi murdar \u015fi a cerut oamenilor s\u0103-l omoare imediat cu pietre. Desigur, ace\u015ftia nu erau dispu\u015fi s\u0103 comit\u0103 un asemenea act de cruzime, dar Apollonios a insistat \u00een acuza\u0163iile sale, a\u015fa c\u0103 cer\u015fetorul a fost lapidat. C\u00e2nd oamenii au dat la o parte gr\u0103mada de pietre, au g\u0103sit cadavrul unui c\u00e2ine mare, negru. Apollonios l-a identificat drept cauza epidemiei, care a \u00eencetat \u00een acel moment. Dup\u0103 acest incident, permisiunea de a cerceta misterele din Efes i-a fost acordat\u0103 imediat.<\/p>\n

Se pare c\u0103 lui Apollonios i s-a dat voie s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 Misterele Templului lui Apollo de la Antiohia, \u00een Siria, \u015fi s-a ini\u0163iat \u00een Misterele Eleusine, la Eleusis, la vest de Atena.<\/p>\n

Un fost discipol de-a lui Apollonios dorea s\u0103 se \u00eensoare cu un vampir<\/strong><\/p>\n

O povestire ciudat\u0103 despre Apollonios vorbe\u015fte nunta unui fost elev de-al s\u0103u, un t\u00e2n\u0103r pe nume Menippos, care tr\u0103ia \u00een Corint. Menippos urma s\u0103 ia de so\u0163ie o fat\u0103 bogat\u0103 \u015fi frumoas\u0103, pe care o z\u0103rise \u00eentr-o viziune. Apollonios a fost unul dintre invita\u0163ii la petrecere \u015fi a observat c\u0103 ceva nu era \u00een regul\u0103 cu mireasa. Dup\u0103 ce a privit-o cu aten\u0163ie o vreme, a declarat c\u0103 aceasta era, de fapt, o Lamia (un fel de vampir) \u015fi s-a folosit de toate puterile lui pentru a face ca luxul banchetului s\u0103 dispar\u0103 – inclusiv invita\u0163ii -, ar\u0103t\u00e2nd c\u0103 acestea fuseser\u0103 halucina\u0163ii provocate de fat\u0103. Dup\u0103 aceea, adev\u0103rata Lamia a fost dezv\u0103luit\u0103. Aceast\u0103 bizar\u0103 poveste a stat la baza poemului \u201eLamia” al lui John Keats, din 1819, \u015fi are parfumul unei alegorii, ilustr\u00e2nd filozofia lui Apollonios cu privire la riscurile unei societ\u0103\u0163i primordial materialiste.<\/p>\n

Apollonios \u015fi Nero<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen timpul domniei infamului \u00eemp\u0103rat Nero (54-68 d.Hr.), Apollonios \u015fi opt dintre discipolii s\u0103i locuiau la Roma, \u00een ciuda faptului c\u0103 Nero era cunoscut pentru c\u0103 persecuta filozofii. Din c\u00e2te se pare, consulul lui Nero, Telesimus, a fost impresionat de acest grup, c\u0103ruia i se permitea p\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 participe la modificarea practicilor existente ale templului. Dac\u0103 acesta este motivul furiei lui Nero nu se \u015ftie, dar, cur\u00e2nd, membrii grupului s-au aflat \u00een pericol de a-\u015fi pierde vie\u0163ile. P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, au reu\u015fit s\u0103 scape, probabil datorit\u0103 fricii pe care Apollonios i-o inspira lui Tigellinus.<\/p>\n

Arestarea lui Apollonios<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen timpul \u015federii \u00een Alexandria, \u00een Egipt, \u00een\u0163eleptul s-a \u00eemprietenit cu Vespasian, care potolise recent marea revolt\u0103 evreiasc\u0103 din Ierusalim \u015fi avea s\u0103 devin\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratul Romei \u00eentre anii 69 \u015fi 79 d.Hr. Prin fiul lui Vespasian, Titus, conduc\u0103tor al Imperiului Roman \u00eentre anii 79 \u015fi 81 d.Hr., Apollonios a cunoscut mul\u0163i oficiali romani importan\u0163i \u015fi se pare c\u0103 a fost \u00een favoarea unui imperiu democratic, bine guvernat. Din nefericire, succesorul lui Titus a fost paranoicul \u015fi nechibzuitul Titus Flavius Domitianus, care a alungat to\u0163i filozofii din Roma \u015fi avea informatori \u015fi spioni r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi\u0163i prin \u00eentregul imperiu. Ace\u015fti spioni au auzit cur\u00e2nd c\u0103 Apollonios dezaproba metodele lui Domi\u0163ian, iar Apollonios a fost acuzat de tr\u0103dare. Filozoful a anticipat persecu\u0163ia \u015fi a sosit la Roma de bun\u0103voie. A fost imediat arestat \u015fi aruncat \u00een \u00eenchisoare.<\/p>\n

Domi\u0163ian a trimis dup\u0103 faimosul filozof cu inten\u0163ia de a-l interoga \u00een particular \u015fi de a-l supune apoi unui proces public. Dar t\u0103ria impun\u0103toare \u015fi totu\u015fi respectuoas\u0103 a lui Apollonios l-a cucerit pe \u00eemp\u0103rat. Ori s-a sim\u0163it intimidat. Cert este c\u0103 i-a permis lui Apollonios s\u0103 plece liber.<\/p>\n

A „v\u0103zut” moartea \u00eemp\u0103ratului Romei la mii de kilometri distan\u0163\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Odat\u0103, Apollonios \u0163inea o cuv\u00e2ntare \u00een Efes, c\u00e2nd vocea i-a sc\u0103zut brusc \u015fi a p\u0103rut s\u0103-\u015fi piard\u0103 concentrarea. Apoi a t\u0103cut, a privit mul\u0163imea \u015fi a strigat brusc \u201eDobor\u00e2\u0163i tiranul, dobor\u00e2\u0163i-l!”<\/em> Mul\u0163imea uria\u015f\u0103 a r\u0103mas mut\u0103 de uimire. Dup\u0103 c\u00e2teva clipe, \u00een\u0163eleptul a spus: \u201ePreg\u0103ti\u0163i-v\u0103 suflete\u015fte, c\u0103ci tiranul a fost ucis ast\u0103zi”<\/em>. S-a aflat apoi c\u0103, \u00een momentul \u00een care Apollonios \u00ee\u015fi rostea cuvintele profetice, \u00eemp\u0103ratul Domi\u0163ian fusese ucis la Roma.<\/p>\n

Enigma mor\u0163ii filozofului<\/strong><\/p>\n

Apollonios a \u00eentemeiat o \u015fcoal\u0103 \u00een Efes \u015fi se pare c\u0103 \u00een acest ora\u015f, \u00een timpul domniei \u00eemp\u0103ratului Nerva (96-98 d.Hr.), a murit, la o v\u00e2rst\u0103 foarte \u00eenaintat\u0103. Totu\u015fi, nimeni nu \u015ftie exact unde \u015fi c\u00e2nd a murit, de\u015fi un altar a fost ridicat \u00een onoarea sa, \u00een ora\u015ful natal Tyana, r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd obiect de venera\u0163ie pentru mult\u0103 vreme. At\u00e2t de mare a fost faima sa de filozof, \u00eenc\u00e2t i s-au ridicat statui \u00een multe alte temple din imperiu. Misterul mor\u0163ii filozofului a dat na\u015ftere unei \u00eentregi mitologii. Se spune c\u0103 trupul i s-a urcat la cer \u015fi c\u0103 le-a ap\u0103rut dup\u0103 moarte anumitor oameni care se \u00eendoiau de existen\u0163a vie\u0163ii de apoi. Philostratus a perpetuat misterul spun\u00e2nd: \u201e\u00cen privin\u0163a felului \u00een care a murit, dac\u0103 a murit cu adev\u0103rat, relat\u0103rile sunt variate”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Apollonios s-a bucurat de o reputa\u0163ie extraordinar\u0103 \u00een secolele care au urmat mor\u0163ii sale. Aproape de sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al III-lea, \u00een timpul ultimelor etape ale luptei dintre cre\u015ftinism \u015fi p\u0103g\u00e2nism, unii anticre\u015ftini au \u00eencercat s\u0103-l impun\u0103 pe Apollonios drept rival al lui Iisus din Nazaret. Au fost ajuta\u0163i de mul\u0163imea de temple \u015fi altare dedicate \u00een\u0163eleptului \u00een Efes \u015fi \u00een alte regiuni din Asia Mic\u0103, precum \u015fi de pove\u015ftile despre miracolele pe care le-a \u00eenf\u0103ptuit, \u00een special \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu renumita sa influen\u0163\u0103 asupra spiritelor malefice, precum Lamia. Astfel a \u00eenceput o polemic\u0103 aprig\u0103 \u00eentre p\u0103g\u00e2ni \u015fi cre\u015ftini. Istoricul cre\u015ftin Eusebiu a scris un discurs ca r\u0103spuns lui Hierocles, sus\u0163in\u00e2nd c\u0103 Apollonios a fost un \u015farlatan \u015fi c\u0103, dac\u0103 a avut vreo putere, atunci a ob\u0163inut-o cu ajutorul spiritelor malefice.<\/p>\n

Apollonios se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u015fte cu magicianul Elias Levi peste mii de ani<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mai recent, Apollonios din Tyana a influen\u0163at considerabil \u00een rena\u015fterea ocultismului din secolul al XIX-lea. Ocultistul francez Eliphas Levi (1810-1875) a \u00eencercat chiar s\u0103 invoce spiritul marelui \u00een\u0163elept. Se pare c\u0103, pe c\u00e2nd vizita Londra \u00een 1854, o doamn\u0103 misterioas\u0103 \u00een negru i-a cerut s\u0103 \u00eencerce s\u0103 invoce fantoma lui Apollonios, pentru care avea o serie de \u00eentreb\u0103ri vitale. Preg\u0103tirile lui Levi pentru ritual au inclus dou\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce carne \u015fi o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 de post \u015fi medita\u0163ie cu privire la Apollonios. Ritualul urma s\u0103 aib\u0103 loc \u00eentr-o camer\u0103 din casa femeii, cu patru oglinzi concave pe pere\u0163i \u015fi o mas\u0103 de marmur\u0103 pe care erau a\u015fezate dou\u0103 vase de metal. Dup\u0103 preg\u0103tirile necesare, Levi, \u00eembr\u0103cat \u00eentr-o rob\u0103 alb\u0103 \u015fi purt\u00e2nd o sabie, a aprins focuri \u00een vase \u015fi a \u00eenceput s\u0103 invoce spiritul \u00eenv\u0103\u0163atului. Incanta\u0163iile au durat ore, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd camera a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se cutremure sub el \u015fi conturul vag al unui b\u0103rbat a ap\u0103rut \u00een fum, doar pentru a disp\u0103rea din nou. Levi \u015fi-a repetat incanta\u0163iile \u015fi, de data aceasta, a ap\u0103rut un b\u0103rbat f\u0103r\u0103 barb\u0103, acoperit din cap p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een picioare cu un lin\u0163oliu gri. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce spectrul \u00eenainta spre el, Levi a \u00eempietrit \u015fi n-a mai putut s\u0103 vorbeasc\u0103. Fantoma s-a atins de sabia ritualic\u0103, bra\u0163ul lui Levi a amor\u0163it brusc, iar el \u015fi-a pierdut cuno\u015ftin\u0163a.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cartea sa, Transcendental Magic<\/em> (1865), \u00een care descrie incidentul \u00een detaliu, Levi relateaz\u0103 c\u0103 bra\u0163ul l-a durut zile \u00een \u015fir dup\u0103 aceea. Nu sus\u0163ine c\u0103 a invocat cu adev\u0103rat umbra lui Apollonios, dar precizeaz\u0103 c\u0103 a primit r\u0103spunsuri la \u00eentreb\u0103rile femeii \u00een mod telepatic, de\u015fi nu a dezv\u0103luit niciodat\u0103 \u00eentreb\u0103rile.<\/p>\n

Apollonios din Tyana continu\u0103 s\u0103 fascineze \u015fi \u00een secolul XXI. Teoriile curente, reiter\u0103ri ale ideilor vechi, includ ipoteza c\u0103 a fost, de fapt, apostolul Paul sau chiar Iisus din Nazaret \u015fi c\u0103 imaginea de pe Giulgiul din Torino \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015feaz\u0103, de fapt, pe Apollonios. Dar Apollonios din Tyana nu ar trebui \u0163inut minte doar ca magician sau taumaturg. El a fost dedicat unui ideal \u00eenalt \u015fi pur, care i-a dat curajul de a sta fa\u0163\u0103 \u00een fa\u0163\u0103 cu cei mai puternici \u015fi primejdio\u015fi lideri ai lumii, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 se clinteasc\u0103 din adev\u0103ratele sale credin\u0163e.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Apollonios din Tyana a fost un neopitagoric din primul secol d.Hr., un filozof charismatic, om de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103, vegetarian \u015fi taumaturg. A fost probabil cel mai faimos filozof din lumea greco-roman\u0103, contemporan cu Iisus, cu care a \u015fi fost adesea comparat. … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11911,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[3104,652,3105,37,210,295,116,108,1025,9796,2236],"class_list":["post-11910","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-apollonios-din-tyana","tag-caine","tag-elias-levi","tag-filozof","tag-iisus-hristos","tag-imparat","tag-imperiul-roman","tag-moarte","tag-nero","tag-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-vampir","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nApollonios din Tyana, misteriosul filozof grec, rivalul lui Iisus Hristos? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/apollonios-din-tyana-misteriosul-filozof-grec-rivalul-lui-iisus-hristos\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Apollonios din Tyana, misteriosul filozof grec, rivalul lui Iisus Hristos?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Apollonios din Tyana a fost un neopitagoric din primul secol d.Hr., un filozof charismatic, om de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103, vegetarian \u015fi taumaturg. 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