{"id":10717,"date":"2010-01-23T21:02:27","date_gmt":"2010-01-23T19:02:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=10717"},"modified":"2010-01-24T22:32:58","modified_gmt":"2010-01-24T20:32:58","slug":"calendarul-mayas-chiar-prevede-distrugerea-lumii-in-2012","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/calendarul-mayas-chiar-prevede-distrugerea-lumii-in-2012\/","title":{"rendered":"Calendarul maya\u015f chiar prevede distrugerea lumii \u00een 2012?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"caledarul<\/a>Maya au fost o civiliza\u0163ie mezoamerican\u0103 deosebit de sofisticat\u0103, ale c\u0103rei teritorii au inclus zonele \u00een care se afl\u0103 ast\u0103zi Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador \u015fi statele mexicane sud-estice Tabasco, Yucatan \u015fi Quintana Roo. Cele \u015fase secole dintre anii 250 \u015fi 900 d.Hr. au reprezentat perioada clasic\u0103 a culturii maya, c\u00e2nd realiz\u0103rile artistice \u015fi intelectuale au echivalat orice cultur\u0103 precolumbian\u0103 din Americi. Maya au fost primii oameni din Americi care au p\u0103strat informa\u0163ii istorice, majoritatea sub forma unor stele \u00eempodobite (monumente din piatr\u0103) \u015fi au \u0163inut arhive ale evenimentelor civile, ale calendarului maya \u015fi ale cuno\u015ftin\u0163elor astronomice.<\/p>\n

Poate c\u0103 cel mai semnificativ exemplu al realiz\u0103rilor culturii maya \u00eel reprezint\u0103 extraordinarul \u015fi complicatul lor sistem calendaristic, care a influen\u0163at enorm calendarul aztec de mai t\u00e2rziu. Acest calendar a c\u0103p\u0103tat o semnifica\u0163ie de r\u0103u augur la \u00eenceputul secolului XXI pentru c\u0103, potrivit unei interpret\u0103ri a datelor acestuia, la solsti\u0163iul de iarn\u0103 (\u00een jurul datei de 21 decembrie) din 2012 va avea loc un potop catastrofal, iar lumea va fi distrus\u0103.<\/p>\n

Calendarele \u015fi evenimentele astronomice<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen general, calendarele se bazeaz\u0103 pe evenimente astronomice, precum ciclurile soarelui, lunii, planetelor \u015fi stelelor. Civiliza\u0163iile str\u0103vechi depindeau de mi\u015fcarea observat\u0103 a acestor corpuri cere\u015fti pentru a-\u015fi stabili anotimpurile, lunile \u015fi anii, preo\u0163ii-astronomi anun\u0163\u00e2nd \u00eenceperea unei noi perioade. Asemenea calendare erau \u015fi \u00eenc\u0103 mai sunt folosite la organizarea activit\u0103\u0163ilor agricole, v\u00e2n\u0103toare \u015fi migrare, precum \u015fi pentru a determina datele evenimentelor publice \u015fi religioase.<\/p>\n

Calendarul sumerian<\/strong><\/p>\n

Una dintre primele culturi care au creat un calendar au fost sumerienii, care au tr\u0103it \u00een sudul Mesopotamiei, \u00een urm\u0103 cu aproximativ 5 000 de ani. Calendarul sumerian, mo\u015ftenit apoi de babilonieni, \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163ea anul \u00een 30 de luni, diviza ziua \u00een 12 intervale (fiecare echival\u00e2nd cu c\u00e2te dou\u0103 ore), fiecare interval av\u00e2nd 30 de p\u0103r\u0163i (echivalentul a patru minute).<\/p>\n

Calendarul egiptean<\/strong><\/p>\n

Calendarul egiptean original pare s\u0103 fi derivat din ciclurile lunii, dar ulterior a fost \u00eenlocuit, atunci c\u00e2nd egiptenii au observat c\u0103 Steaua C\u00e2inelui (Sirius, \u00een constela\u0163ia Cani\u015f Maior) se ridica \u00eempreun\u0103 cu soarele o dat\u0103 la fiecare 365 de zile, preced\u00e2nd rev\u0103rsarea anual\u0103 a Nilului cu c\u00e2teva zile. Pe baza cunoa\u015fterii ridic\u0103rii heliacale a lui Sirius, au instituit un calendar de 365 de zile care pare s\u0103 fi \u00eenceput \u00een anul 4236 \u00ee.Hr., fiind poate prima dat\u0103 \u00eenregistrat\u0103 din istorie.<\/p>\n

Anul egiptean era alc\u0103tuit din 12 luni a c\u00e2te 30 de zile fiecare, la care se ad\u0103ugau cinci zile la finalul anului. Lunile lor erau \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163ite \u00een trei perioade sau s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni, fiecare de c\u00e2te zece zile.<\/p>\n

Calendarul iulian<\/strong> \u015fi cel gregorian<\/strong><\/p>\n

Calendarul iulian, un calendar solar instituit \u00een anul 46 \u00ee.Hr. de Iulius Caesar, con\u0163inea un an normal de 365 de zile, \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it \u00een 12 luni, cu o zi ad\u0103ugat\u0103 \u00een februarie, o dat\u0103 la patru ani. Acesta a fost calendarul european standard p\u00e2n\u0103 la instituirea Calendarului Gregorian, mult mai precis, \u00een 1582.<\/p>\n

Cum \u00ee\u015fi organizau maya\u015fii calendarul<\/strong><\/p>\n

Calendarele Americii precolumbiene, inclusiv maya \u015fi cel aztec, aveau \u00een comun multe caracteristici de baz\u0103, precum un an ritualic de 260 de zile. Calendarul maya, centrul vie\u0163ii \u015fi culturii lor, nu se baza doar pe soare \u015fi lun\u0103, ci \u015fi pe ciclurile planetei Venus \u015fi pe Constela\u0163ia Pleiadelor. De fapt, despre calendarul maya \u015ftim c\u0103 este o serie de trei sisteme de calendare folosite \u00een paralel, cel mai vechi \u015fi cel mai important fiind Tzolkin (calendarul sacru). Existau, de asemenea, Haab (un calendar solar agrar\/civil) \u015fi Calendarul Lung.<\/p>\n

Tzolkin sau Anul Sacru era un calendar religios folosit pentru a-\u015fi boteza copiii, a prezice viitorul \u015fi a decide asupra datelor favorabile \u00een chestiuni precum b\u0103t\u0103liile \u015fi c\u0103s\u0103toriile. Tzolkin consta dintr-un an scurt de 260 de zile (13 luni de c\u00e2te 20 de zile), fiecare zi a lunii av\u00e2nd un nume, asem\u0103n\u0103tor zilelor s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nii de ast\u0103zi, \u015fi un simbol. Numele zilelor maya erau Imix, Ik, Akbal, Kan, Chicchan, Cimi, Manik, Lamat, Muluc, Oc, Chuen, Eb, Ben, Ix, Men, Cib, Caban, Etznab, Cauac \u015fi Ahau. Fiecare dintre aceste nume era simbolizat printr-un zeu care purta timpul pe cer, indic\u00e2nd astfel succesiunea nop\u0163ilor \u015fi zilelor.<\/p>\n

Acest sistem al anului scurt, Tzolkin, pare s\u0103 fi fost preluat de maya de la civiliza\u0163ia zapotec\u0103, o cultur\u0103 nativ\u0103 din sudul \u015fi centrul Mexicului, dat\u00e2nd cel pu\u0163in din 1500 \u00ee.Hr., care a \u00eenceput s\u0103 \u00eenregistreze datele sub aceast\u0103 form\u0103 \u00een jurul anului 600 \u00ee.Hr. Tzolkin se bazeaz\u0103 pe ciclurile grupului de stele numit Pleiadele, o constela\u0163ie semnificativ\u0103 pentru maya, care foloseau piramidele \u015fi observatoarele pentru a le urm\u0103ri mi\u015fcarea. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, piramida \u015fi complexul de temple de la Teotihuacan, de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Mexico, sunt orientate \u00een pozi\u0163ia \u00een care Pleiadele sunt dispuse la orizont. Mai t\u00e2rziu, maya au combinat Tzolkin cu un calendar lunar numit Tun-Uc, care folosea cicluri de c\u00e2te 28 de zile care reflectau ciclul menstrual al femeilor.<\/p>\n

Calendarul Haab<\/strong><\/p>\n

Haab sau Anul Vag (numit vag pentru c\u0103 era cu un sfert de zi mai scurt dec\u00e2t anul solar) era un calendar solar \u00een parte similar cu al nostru \u015fi legat \u00een primul r\u00e2nd de agricultur\u0103 \u015fi anotimpuri. \u00cen perioada maya clasic\u0103, zilele Haab erau num\u0103rate de la 0 la 19, iar prima zi a anului era 0. De fapt, maya au inventat num\u0103rul 0. Sistemul lor de calcul se baza pe num\u0103rul 20, \u00een loc de num\u0103rul 10, ca \u00een sistemul nostru, astfel c\u0103 num\u0103rau de la zero la 19, \u015fi nu de la 0 la 10, \u00eenainte de a trece la urm\u0103toarea serie. Calendarul Haab consta din 18 luni a c\u00e2te 20 de zile, urmate de o lun\u0103 \u201enenorocoas\u0103” de cinci zile, numit\u0103 Uayeb, totaliz\u00e2nd 365 de zile care s\u0103 se potriveasc\u0103 cu anul solar. Calendarele Tzolkin \u015fi Haab erau combinate pentru a forma un ciclu coordonat de 52 de ani, cunoscut drept Runda Calendarului. La \u00eenceputul acestor Runde ale Calendarului, existau celebr\u0103ri ritualice, care includeau stingerea focurilor vechi \u015fi aprinderea altora noi, precum \u015fi sfin\u0163irea noilor temple.<\/p>\n

Calendarul Lung<\/strong><\/p>\n

Calendarul Lung, presupus a fi mai precis dec\u00e2t Calendarul Iulian din Europa secolului al XVI-lea, pare s\u0103 fi fost creat \u00een jurul primului secol \u00ee.Hr. \u015fi a fost folosit pentru \u00eenregistrarea datelor de-a lungul unor mari perioade de timp. \u00cen esen\u0163\u0103, Calendarul Lung totalizeaz\u0103 num\u0103rul de zile \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu august 3114 \u00ee.Hr., data c\u00e2nd se presupune c\u0103 a \u00eenceput a Patra Crea\u0163ie Maya ori actualul Mare Ciclu. De fapt, acesta a fost anul maya 0, asem\u0103n\u0103tor datei de 1 ianuarie a anului 1 d.Hr. Prin urmare, 3114 \u00ee.Hr., data de \u00eenceput a acestui ciclu de timp, este scris\u0103 0-0-0-0-0 ; 13 cicluri de c\u00e2te 394 de ani vor trece p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd va \u00eencepe urm\u0103torul ciclu, adic\u0103 \u00een anul 2012 d.Hr. (13-0-0-0-0).<\/p>\n

Calendarul Lung const\u0103 practic dintr-un tun de 360 de zile, 20 de tuni reprezent\u00e2nd un katun (7 200 de zile), 20 de katuni form\u00e2nd un baktun (144 000 de zile), iar 13 baktuni semnific\u00e2nd Marele Ciclu (1 872 000 de zile sau \u00een jur de 5130 de ani). Maya credeau c\u0103, la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul acestui Mare Ciclu, lumea, a\u015fa cum o cunoa\u015ftem, va \u00eenceta s\u0103 mai existe.
\nIncredibila complexitate a sistemelor calendaristice maya poate fi explicat\u0103 par\u0163ial prin nevoia de putere \u015fi influen\u0163\u0103.<\/p>\n

Deciziile privind datele unor evenimente sacre \u015fi ale ciclurilor agricole erau de competen\u0163a preo\u0163ilor maya, care luau hot\u0103r\u00e2ri consult\u00e2nd calendarele pentru a \u015fti c\u00e2nd este timpul s\u0103 se efectueze anumite lucr\u0103ri. Abilitatea lor de a descifra \u00een\u0163elesurile calendarelor pentru (de exemplu) momentele propice sem\u0103natului \u015fi culesului ori de a spune care erau zilele favorabile c\u0103s\u0103toriilor ori r\u0103zboiului le conferea un control nelimitat asupra popula\u0163iei. Cum cet\u0103\u0163eanului de r\u00e2nd nu i se cerea s\u0103 \u00een\u0163eleag\u0103 acest complex calendar, preo\u0163ii aveau libertate deplin\u0103 s\u0103 complice sistemul dup\u0103 cum le convenea.<\/p>\n

2012…\u00eenseamn\u0103 sf\u00e2r\u015fitul lumii?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Solsti\u0163iul de iarn\u0103 al anului 2012 d.Hr. din Calendarul Lung maya semnific\u0103 sf\u00e2r\u015fitul celui de-al 13-lea ciclu baktun care a \u00eenceput \u00een 3114 \u00ee.Hr. Sf\u00e2r\u015fitul calendarului maya la aceast\u0103 dat\u0103 a alarmat mul\u0163i oameni, care cred c\u0103 semnific\u0103 distrugerea violent\u0103 a p\u0103m\u00e2ntului. Dar oare chiar au prezis maya un asemenea cataclism \u00een calendarul lor?<\/p>\n

Una dintre cele mai importante credin\u0163e ale maya era ideea unui univers ciclic, \u00een care P\u0103m\u00e2ntul trecea \u00een mod sistematic prin crea\u0163ii \u015fi distrugeri. \u00cen Popol Vuh (Cartea Sfaturilor),<\/em> cartea sacr\u0103 a maya, scris\u0103 probabil la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XVI-lea d.Hr., dar fiind mult mai veche, predomin\u0103 descrierile crea\u0163iilor \u015fi ale inunda\u0163iilor distructive succesive. Exist\u0103, de asemenea, descrieri ale crea\u0163iei din 3144 \u00ee.Hr. pe diferite monumente maya, precum monolitul cunoscut drept Stela C din ora\u015ful Quirigua, Guatemala. Asemenea texte descriu crea\u0163ia, inclusiv organizarea zeilor, de exemplu, iar nu distrugerea. \u00cen plus, descriu evenimente mitice petrecute cu mult timp \u00eenainte de anul 3114 \u00ee.Hr.<\/p>\n

Calendarul maya determin\u0103, de asemenea, date \u00eendep\u0103rtate din viitor, de exemplu o aniversare regal\u0103 care va avea loc \u00een octombrie 4772 d.Hr. Acest lucru nu ar fi posibil dac\u0103 lumea ar fi deja distrus\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci. Ceea ce indic\u0103 maya pentru solsti\u0163iul de iarn\u0103 al anului 2012 ar trebui mai degrab\u0103 interpretat ca sf\u00e2r\u015fitul unui ciclu vechi \u015fi \u00eenceputul altuia nou, nu ca sf\u00e2r\u015fitul lumii. Ciclul str\u0103vechiului calendar maya supravie\u0163uie\u015fte \u015fi ast\u0103zi \u00een sudul Mexicului \u015fi \u00een \u0163inuturile \u00eenalte din Guatemala, de acesta \u00eengrijindu-se preo\u0163ii calendarului sau paznicii zilei, care \u00eenc\u0103 p\u0103streaz\u0103 num\u0103r\u0103toarea sacr\u0103 de 260 de zile pentru divina\u0163ie \u015fi alte activit\u0103\u0163i ritualice.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Maya au fost o civiliza\u0163ie mezoamerican\u0103 deosebit de sofisticat\u0103, ale c\u0103rei teritorii au inclus zonele \u00een care se afl\u0103 ast\u0103zi Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador \u015fi statele mexicane sud-estice Tabasco, Yucatan \u015fi Quintana Roo. Cele \u015fase secole dintre anii 250 … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10718,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[1017,342,2864,1109,9796,2606,1124],"class_list":["post-10717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-1017","tag-calendar","tag-calendar-mayas","tag-maya","tag-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-popol-vuh","tag-sfarsitul-lumii","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nCalendarul maya\u015f chiar prevede distrugerea lumii \u00een 2012? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/calendarul-mayas-chiar-prevede-distrugerea-lumii-in-2012\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Calendarul maya\u015f chiar prevede distrugerea lumii \u00een 2012?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Maya au fost o civiliza\u0163ie mezoamerican\u0103 deosebit de sofisticat\u0103, ale c\u0103rei teritorii au inclus zonele \u00een care se afl\u0103 ast\u0103zi Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador \u015fi statele mexicane sud-estice Tabasco, Yucatan \u015fi Quintana Roo. 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