{"id":10669,"date":"2010-01-20T21:45:15","date_gmt":"2010-01-20T19:45:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=10669"},"modified":"2010-01-22T08:00:10","modified_gmt":"2010-01-22T06:00:10","slug":"marea-prabusire-a-bursei-americane-din-1929-rezultatul-lacomiei-capitalismului","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/marea-prabusire-a-bursei-americane-din-1929-rezultatul-lacomiei-capitalismului\/","title":{"rendered":"Marea pr\u0103bu\u015fire a Bursei americane din 1929, rezultatul l\u0103comiei capitalismului"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Wall<\/a>„Trebuia s\u0103 stai la coad\u0103 ca s\u0103 g\u0103se\u015fti un loc de unde s\u0103 te arunci pe fereastr\u0103, \u015fi speculan\u0163ii vindeau locuri pentru trupuri \u00een East River”\u00a0 (Umoristul Will Rogers, coment\u00e2nd consecin\u0163ele pr\u0103bu\u015firii Bursei din 1929)<\/em><\/p>\n

Coada se \u00eentindea de-a lungul coridorului, trecea prin u\u015file duble ale b\u0103ncii, ajungea la intersec\u0163ie \u015fi d\u0103dea apoi col\u0163ul. Zeci de oameni st\u0103teau la coad\u0103, cuprin\u015fi de panic\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 cei mai mul\u0163i dintre ei \u00eencercau s\u0103-\u015fi men\u0163in\u0103, c\u00e2t de c\u00e2t, calmul. P\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul zilei, oamenii ace\u015ftia urmau s\u0103 piard\u0103 to\u0163i banii pe care \u00eei aveau la banc\u0103. Aproape niciunul dintre ei nu va mai ajunge p\u00e2n\u0103 la ghi\u015feul casierului ca s\u0103 retrag\u0103 ceea ce avea, \u00eenainte ca banca s\u0103 se \u00eenchid\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 dea faliment, una dintre cele aproximativ patru mii de b\u0103nci care nu au putut supravie\u0163ui epuiz\u0103rii depozitelor sale, declan\u015fate de pr\u0103bu\u015firea Bursei din New York din 1929.<\/p>\n

Mul\u0163i istorici sus\u0163in c\u0103 reticen\u0163a pre\u015fedintelui SUA, Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929), de a impune restric\u0163ii guvernamentale specula\u0163iilor de la Burs\u0103 a dus la pr\u0103bu\u015firea acesteia, \u00een 1929.<\/p>\n

Herbert Hoover (pre\u015fedintele SUA \u00eentre 1929 \u015fi 1933) este considerat vinovat pentru c\u0103 a declan\u015fat Marea Recesiune care a urmat dup\u0103 pr\u0103bu\u015fire, prin faptul c\u0103 a semnat Legea Smoot-Hawley referitoare la tarife, care impunea taxe ame\u0163itor de mari pentru produsele de import. O mie de economi\u015fti l-au implorat s\u0103-\u015fi exercite dreptul de veto \u00eempotriva ei, dar f\u0103r\u0103 niciun rezultat. Smoot-Hawley inten\u0163iona s\u0103 descurajeze importurile de bunuri care erau disponibile \u015fi \u00een Statele Unite, protej\u00e2ndu-i astfel pe micii produc\u0103tori americani. Dar legea nu a ac\u0163ionat \u00een acest fel \u015fi rezultatul real a fost un r\u0103zboi comercial interna\u0163ional care a aprofundat \u015fi a prelungit Marea Recesiune.<\/p>\n

Se mai discut\u0103 \u015fi acum dac\u0103 Pr\u0103bu\u015firea Bursei din 1929 a fost adev\u0103rata (\u015fi singura) cauz\u0103 a Marii Recesiuni. \u00centruc\u00e2t erau mai multe cauze ale Marii Recesiuni din Statele Unite \u015fi ale recesiunii mondiale pe care a declan\u015fat-o, ar fi \u00eentruc\u00e2tva incorect s\u0103 consider\u0103m c\u0103 acesta este singurul eveniment care a precipitat lucrurile.<\/p>\n

Dar, ca eveniment luat \u00een sine, Pr\u0103bu\u015firea Bursei din 1929 a avut un efect devastator asupra Statelor Unite \u015fi asupra lumii \u00eentregi \u015fi, astfel, trebuie s\u0103 fie considerat drept una dintre cele mai mari catastrofe financiare din istorie.<\/p>\n

\"Marele<\/a>\u00cen ziua de joi, 24 octombrie 1929, America a avut o imagine preliminar\u0103 a ceea ce avea s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2mple. \u00cen acea zi, valorile de la burs\u0103 au sc\u0103zut dramatic \u015fi Bursa din New York s-a transformat \u00eentr-o cas\u0103 de nebuni cuprins\u0103 de panic\u0103 \u00een care brokerii \u00eencercau s\u0103 v\u00e2nd\u0103 cu orice pre\u0163 ac\u0163iunile \u00eenainte s\u0103 piard\u0103 totul. \u00cen holul Bursei se aflau, \u00een acea zi, peste 1100 de brokeri care executau ordinele de v\u00e2nzare. \u00centr-o zi normal\u0103, 750 ar fi fost o cifr\u0103 mare. Printre locuitorii New York-ului se r\u0103sp\u00e2ndise zvonul c\u0103 exista un fel de stare de urgen\u0163\u0103 financiar\u0103 \u015fi mii de oameni au venit pe Wall Street, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd dispera\u0163i s\u0103 afle ce se petrecea \u00een interior.<\/p>\n

\u201eCe a\u0163i auzit? C\u00e2t a sc\u0103zut pia\u0163a? Ce s\u0103 facem?” Toate aceste \u00eentreb\u0103ri se auzeau mereu \u00een r\u00e2ndurile mul\u0163imii \u00eengrijorate, c\u00e2nd cei care reu\u015fiser\u0103 s\u0103 ajung\u0103 la galeria vizitatorilor ie\u015feau afar\u0103. \u00cen galerie se afla, \u00een acea zi, nimeni altul dec\u00e2t Winston Churchill \u015fi, probabil, privea \u015focat \u00eempreun\u0103 cu to\u0163i ceilal\u0163i cum ac\u0163iunile coborau vertiginos tot mai jos \u015fi mai jos.<\/p>\n

La ora unu, c\u0103derea a fost oprit\u0103, c\u00e2nd un grup format din cei mai mari bancheri a venit s\u0103 investeasc\u0103 20 de milioane de $ \u00een cele mai importante ac\u0163iuni. Aceasta p\u0103rea s\u0103 rezolve situa\u0163ia \u015fi, aproximativ, dou\u0103 treimi din pierderile zilei au fost recuperate la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul acestei zilei de tranzac\u0163ionare.<\/p>\n

Dar fusese un r\u0103gaz temporar \u015fi, dup\u0103 c\u00e2teva zile de sui\u015furi \u015fi cobor\u00e2\u015furi abrupte, \u00een ziua de mar\u0163i, 29 octombrie, \u201eMar\u0163ea neagr\u0103”, Bursa s-a pr\u0103bu\u015fit, \u00een momentul \u00een care, \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 zi, s-au pierdut 15 miliarde de dolari. P\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd economia \u015fi-a revenit un deceniu mai t\u00e2rziu, aceast\u0103 cifr\u0103 s-a dublat, cu alte cuvinte peste 30 miliarde de dolari au disp\u0103rut din economia Statelor Unite.<\/p>\n

Cea mai apropiat\u0103 analogie cu ceea ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat cu ac\u0163ionarii individuali, la 29 octombrie 1929, este ceea ce s-a petrecut cu ac\u0163ionarii de la Enron, c\u00e2nd compania a dat faliment la \u00eenceputul anului 2001. CNN a intervievat mai mul\u0163i func\u0163ionari de la Enron care \u00ee\u015fi investiser\u0103 toate fondurile de pensii \u00een ac\u0163iuni Enron \u015fi au pierdut totul atunci c\u00e2nd valoarea ac\u0163iunilor a ajuns la c\u00e2\u0163iva penny. Contul unuia dinte angaja\u0163ii Enron fusese de 1,2 milioane $ \u00eenainte de falimentul companiei. Dup\u0103 aceea, \u00eei mai r\u0103m\u0103seser\u0103 \u00een cont 5 500 $. El i-a spus reporterului de la CNN c\u0103 are inten\u0163ia s-o ia de la \u00eenceput. Omul avea cincizeci \u015fi trei de ani \u00een momentul interviului.<\/p>\n

Pr\u0103bu\u015firea Bursei a provocat pierderi majore economiei Statelor Unite. A fost unul dintre factorii care au provocat Marea Recesiune. \u00cen urm\u0103torii trei ani de dup\u0103 29 octombrie, \u015fomajul din SUA a crescut vertiginos, de la \u015fapte la \u015faisprezece milioane de oameni.<\/p>\n

\"Wall<\/a>Care a fost cauza pr\u0103bu\u015firii?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Printre motivele enumerate \u00een ultimii \u015faizeci de ani se num\u0103r\u0103 m\u0103rfurile puternic supraevaluate, fraudele comise de brokeri, cump\u0103r\u0103rile excesive la limit\u0103, administrarea defectuoas\u0103 a Rezervelor Federale, minciunile marilor mah\u0103ri ai corpora\u0163iilor cu privire la siguran\u0163a investi\u0163iilor \u015fi viabilitatea companiilor \u00een care au investit oamenii. La acestea se adaug\u0103 incompeten\u0163a pre\u015fedintelui Hoover \u015fi alte cauze, dintre care unele i-ar face de ru\u015fine chiar \u015fi pe cei mai paranoici adep\u0163i ai teoriei conspira\u0163iilor.<\/p>\n

Ca urmare a pr\u0103bu\u015firii, guvernul a sc\u0103zut imediat ratele dob\u00e2nzilor, ceea ce a f\u0103cut s\u0103 creasc\u0103 masa monetar\u0103, dar apoi a f\u0103cut gre\u015feala s\u0103 m\u0103reasc\u0103 ratele \u00een 1931, fapt ce a diminuat puterea banilor \u015fi a fr\u00e2nat serios cre\u015fterea economic\u0103.
\nAvea s\u0103 fie nevoie de un deceniu \u00eentreg pentru ca economia Statelor Unite s\u0103 revin\u0103 la nivelul de dinainte de crah.<\/p>\n

Cel de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial, cu nevoile lui de produc\u0163ie \u015fi for\u0163\u0103 de munc\u0103 – o cre\u015ftere for\u0163at\u0103, ca s\u0103 spunem a\u015fa – a reprezentat salvarea economiei. Nu putem s\u0103 nu ne \u00eentreb\u0103m c\u00eet ar mai fi durat recesiunea dac\u0103 America nu ar fi intrat \u00een r\u0103zboi, \u00een 1941.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

„Trebuia s\u0103 stai la coad\u0103 ca s\u0103 g\u0103se\u015fti un loc de unde s\u0103 te arunci pe fereastr\u0103, \u015fi speculan\u0163ii vindeau locuri pentru trupuri \u00een East River”\u00a0 (Umoristul Will Rogers, coment\u00e2nd consecin\u0163ele pr\u0103bu\u015firii Bursei din 1929) Coada se \u00eentindea de-a lungul … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10670,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[9797,1270,839,89,525,190,23,1274],"class_list":["post-10669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-afaceri","tag-afaceri","tag-bursa","tag-coolidge","tag-hoover","tag-new-york","tag-presedinte","tag-sua","tag-wall-street","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nMarea pr\u0103bu\u015fire a Bursei americane din 1929, rezultatul l\u0103comiei capitalismului - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/marea-prabusire-a-bursei-americane-din-1929-rezultatul-lacomiei-capitalismului\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Marea pr\u0103bu\u015fire a Bursei americane din 1929, rezultatul l\u0103comiei capitalismului\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"„Trebuia s\u0103 stai la coad\u0103 ca s\u0103 g\u0103se\u015fti un loc de unde s\u0103 te arunci pe fereastr\u0103, \u015fi speculan\u0163ii vindeau locuri pentru trupuri \u00een East River”\u00a0 (Umoristul Will Rogers, coment\u00e2nd consecin\u0163ele pr\u0103bu\u015firii Bursei din 1929) Coada se \u00eentindea de-a lungul ... 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