{"id":10649,"date":"2010-01-19T21:46:26","date_gmt":"2010-01-19T19:46:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=10649"},"modified":"2010-01-20T21:45:28","modified_gmt":"2010-01-20T19:45:28","slug":"fulgerul-globular-si-enigma-sa-antimaterie-sau-fenomen-fizic-natural","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/fulgerul-globular-si-enigma-sa-antimaterie-sau-fenomen-fizic-natural\/","title":{"rendered":"Fulgerul globular \u015fi enigma sa: antimaterie sau fenomen fizic natural?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"fulger<\/a>C\u00e2teva clipe dup\u0103 ce auzise un sunet ca de tunet un parizian – dup\u0103 cum se spune – a fost martorul unei apari\u0163ii extraordinare: din \u015femineul apartamentului s\u0103u aflat la etajul al patrulea a \u0163\u00e2\u015fnit o minge de foc, de m\u0103rimea unui cap omenesc. Mingea a \u00eenl\u0103turat gr\u0103tarul care acoperea gura \u015femineului \u015fi s-a rostogolit spre el \u201eca o pisic\u0103”. B\u0103rbatul s-a ferit, tr\u0103g\u00e2ndu-\u015fi picioarele, iar sfera s-a dus spre mijlocul camerei. De\u015fi str\u0103lucitoare, sfera nu emana c\u0103ldur\u0103 perceptibil\u0103. Mingea de foc s-a \u00een\u0103l\u0163at pu\u0163in, a pornit \u00eenapoi spre punctul din care se ivise, apoi a luat-o \u00een sus, pe co\u015ful \u015femineului, explod\u00e2nd chiar la ie\u015firea \u00een aer liber. Explozia a provocat stric\u0103ciuni considerabile co\u015fului exterior.<\/p>\n

Acest incident, care s-a petrecut la 5 iulie, 1852, este unul din fenomenele naturale neexplicate p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent – fulgerul globular – de a c\u0103rui existen\u0163\u0103 unii oameni de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 se \u00eendoiesc chiar \u015fi \u00een zilele noastre. Obiec\u0163iile scepticilor sunt foarte asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu argumentele acelora care contest\u0103 relat\u0103rile despre obiectele zbur\u0103toare neidentificate; dovezile sunt \u00een principal nerelevante, majoritatea – dac\u0103 nu chiar totalitatea – fotografiilor sunt \u00eendoielnice \u015fi nicio teorie \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 logic\u0103 nu poate da o explica\u0163ie plauzibil\u0103 fenomenului.<\/p>\n

Iluzii sau focul sf\u00e2ntului Elmo<\/strong><\/p>\n

Explica\u0163iile alternative (cu alte cuvinte demitizante) reflectau de asemenea argumentele folosite \u00een cadrul dezbaterilor cu privire la O.Z.N.-uri. \u201eObiectele –<\/em> sus\u0163ineau adversarii – sunt fie iluzii optice, foarte probabil, imaginea remanent\u0103 format\u0103 \u00een ochiul aceluia care a v\u0103zut bra\u0163ele fulgerului despic\u00e2nd cerul, fie un fapt natural cum este \u00abfocul sf\u00e2ntului Elmo\u00bb (o desc\u0103rcare \u00een form\u0103 de coroan\u0103 dintr-un obiect ce se reliefeaz\u0103 deasupra solului \u00een timpul unei furtuni electrice), perceput\u0103 gre\u015fit sau \u00een mod exagerat”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Prima explica\u0163ie presupune c\u0103 martorul ocular era de o prostie f\u0103r\u0103 egal. A doua explica\u0163ie are virtutea plauzibilit\u0103\u0163ii aparente, \u00eens\u0103 a\u015fa cum releva James Dale Barry, o notorietate \u00een materie de fulgere globulare: \u201eO deosebire evident\u0103 \u00eentre focul sf\u00e2ntului Elmo \u015fi fulgerul globular este aparenta independen\u0163\u0103 de mi\u015fcare a acestuia din urm\u0103. De\u015fi s-a observat c\u0103 focul sf\u00e2ntului Elmo se deplasa de-a lungul unui conductor, uneori puls\u00e2nd \u00een timpul deplas\u0103rii, totu\u015fi el nu se desprindea de conductor. De aceea el nu are acea tendin\u0163\u0103 de plutire \u00een jos \u015fi nici mi\u015fcarea de \u00een\u0103l\u0163are at\u00e2t de comune la fulgerul globular”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Moartea unui cercet\u0103tor ce studia fulgerul globular<\/strong><\/p>\n

Primul cercet\u0103tor care a descris \u00een mod \u015ftiin\u0163ific fulgerul globular a fost un rus, G. W. Richman. \u00cen mod tragic (\u015fi ironic) obiectul interesului s\u0103u i-a provocat moartea. Incidentul s-a petrecut \u00een timpul unei furtuni, c\u00e2nd Richman \u00eencerca s\u0103 m\u0103soare energia unui fulger. Pe c\u00e2nd st\u0103tea \u00een spatele aparatelor, o sfer\u0103 albastr\u0103 de m\u0103rimea pumnului s-a desprins din electrozi \u015fi a venit plutind \u00een fa\u0163a sa. \u00cen aceea\u015fi clip\u0103 s-a produs o explozie care l-a ucis pe Richman, iar pe asistentul s\u0103u l-a dobor\u00e2t, l\u0103s\u00e2ndu-l f\u0103r\u0103 cuno\u015ftin\u0163\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"fulger<\/a>Cazuri dezastroase de fulgere globulare<\/strong><\/p>\n

Din fericire, cazurile de moarte provocate de fulgerul globular sunt rare, \u00eens\u0103 num\u0103rul acelora care au v\u0103zut cu ochii for\u0163a lui de distrugere este mare. La Paris, \u00een iulie 1949, \u00een timpul unei furtuni electrice, o sfer\u0103 ro\u015fie s-a oprit plutind la 20 de picioare deasupra unui copac. Deodat\u0103 ea a luat foc, a \u00eenceput s\u0103 ard\u0103 cu fl\u0103c\u0103ri \u015fi a explodat despic\u00e2ndu-se \u015fi slobozind \u00een toate direc\u0163iile un m\u0103nunchi de fulgere fr\u00e2nte. Un fulger a lovit o cas\u0103 din apropiere provoc\u00e2ndu-i o sp\u0103rtur\u0103 de dimensiunea unui obuz.<\/p>\n

In ziua de 8 octombrie, 1919, \u00een ora\u015ful Salinas, din statul Kansas, \u201eo sfer\u0103 de foc, mare c\u00e2t un ciub\u0103r, a cobor\u00e2t plutind \u00een aer, a lovit o cl\u0103dire d\u0103r\u00e2m\u00e2nd c\u0103r\u0103mizi din perete \u015fi a smuls o fereastr\u0103 de la etajul al doilea.”<\/em> Apoi, ea a explodat cu \u201eo bubuitur\u0103 ca de pistol, umpl\u00e2nd v\u0103zduhul cu sfere mari c\u00e2t mingea de baseball, care s-au risipit \u00een atmosfer\u0103, \u00een toate direc\u0163iile”<\/em>, dup\u0103 cum a descris reporterul revistei de prognoz\u0103 meteorologic\u0103 Monthly Weather Report (\u00een edi\u0163ia din octombrie, 1919). \u201eUnele din sfere s-au deplasat de-a lungul firelor de troleu sau firelor electrice, \u00eentr-un mod instabil; altele au plutit independent de obiectele din jur. U\u015fi\u0163a cutiei cu tabloul de \u00eentrerup\u0103toare electrice de peste drum a fost smuls\u0103 \u015fi un transformator a fost distrus, l\u0103s\u00e2nd \u00een \u00eentuneric partea de r\u0103s\u0103rit a ora\u015fului”.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cen vara anului 1960, Louise Matthews din South Philadelphia, statul Pennsylvania, st\u0103tea \u00eentins\u0103 pe canapea \u00een camera de zi, c\u00e2nd – deodat\u0103 – a v\u0103zut o sfer\u0103 ro\u015fie, uria\u015f\u0103, care a p\u0103truns prin fereastra \u00eenchis\u0103 \u015fi cu storurile trase, f\u0103r\u0103 a provoca vreo stric\u0103ciune. C\u00e2nd sfera – care scotea un sunet ca o sf\u00e2r\u00e2ial\u0103 – a trecut pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 ea, doamna Matthews a sim\u0163it o g\u00e2dil\u0103tur\u0103 la ceafa. Ea a dus m\u00e2na la ceaf\u0103 dar nu a sim\u0163it nimic deosebit. Sfera a str\u0103b\u0103tut camera de zi, apoi sufrageria \u015fi a ie\u015fit printr-o fereastr\u0103 de asemenea \u00eenchis\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a-i provoca vreo stric\u0103ciune. Femeia l-a chemat pe so\u0163 de la serviciu \u015fi acesta a constatat c\u0103 palma so\u0163iei era ars\u0103. P\u0103rul de la ceaf\u0103 c\u0103zuse, l\u0103s\u00e2nd pielea neted\u0103 ca pe fa\u0163\u0103.
\n\u00een seara zilei de 12 august, 1970, \u00een timpul unei furtuni violente cu fulgere \u015fi tunete, \u201eo sfer\u0103 ro\u015fie de foc” a ap\u0103rut deasupra ora\u015fului Sidmouth din Anglia, a trosnit c\u00e2teva secunde, apoi a explodat cu un tunet asurzitor. Din sfer\u0103 a \u0163\u00e2\u015fnit un fulger \u00een zigzag spre p\u0103m\u00e2nt. \u00cen clipa aceea 2500 de televizoare din zon\u0103 s-au \u00eentrerupt.<\/p>\n

Desigur, fulgerul globular nu este totdeauna d\u0103un\u0103tor. De asemenea, nici m\u0103car nu explodeaz\u0103 la finele fiec\u0103rei manifest\u0103ri. Savantul britanic Alexander Russel a v\u0103zut fulgere globulare care s-au comportat \u00een ambele moduri. El scria, \u00een revista Nature<\/em>, din 23 noiembrie, 1930: \u201eCu mul\u0163i ani \u00een urm\u0103 eu am v\u0103zut dou\u0103 globuri de fulgere. Ele erau de culoare ro\u015fiatic\u0103-g\u0103lbuie \u015fi p\u0103reau c\u0103 se rostogolesc. Unul din ele s-a lovit de o cl\u0103dire \u015fi a explodat cu zgomot puternic, f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-i pe locatari s\u0103 alerge la ferestre ca s\u0103 vad\u0103 ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat; \u00eens\u0103 au r\u0103mas nedumeri\u0163i nev\u0103z\u00e2nd nimic. Al doilea glob s-a \u00eendep\u0103rtat plutind. Fulgerul globular scoate un u\u015for zgomot \u00een timp ce se \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103, ca un pisoi care toarce.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Teorii privind fulgerul globular<\/strong><\/p>\n

Datele \u015ftiin\u0163ifice categorice sunt rare, un motiv major pentru oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 care pun la \u00eendoial\u0103 existen\u0163a fenomenului. Chiar \u015fi Barry, un partizan puternic, recunoa\u015fte: \u201eO analiz\u0103 impar\u0163ial\u0103 a relat\u0103rilor despre fulgerul globular ne determin\u0103 s\u0103 conchidem c\u0103 un mare procent din acestea sunt \u00eendoielnice \u015fi pot fi interpretate \u00een diferite moduri”.<\/em> (Aceste cuvinte sun\u0103 la fel ca obiec\u0163iile care sunt aduse O.Z.N. -urilor). Dintre numeroasele fotografii care se pretinde c\u0103 reprezint\u0103 fulgere globulare, Barry consider\u0103 c\u0103 \u201enumai trei nu par \u00een mod evident gre\u015fite sau foarte suspecte”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dificultatea cea mai mare de a explica fenomenul provine din diversitatea descrierilor f\u0103cute de martorii oculari. Globul fie explodeaz\u0103 cu zgomot, fie dispare pe t\u0103cute; el este alb, portocaliu, ro\u015fu, albastru sau purpuriu; el este mic sau mare, dureaz\u0103 c\u00e2teva secunde sau c\u00e2teva minute. \u201eAcestea par a fi elemente nerelevante <\/em>– observa savantul Gordon Stein – dar ele creeaz\u0103 teoreticienilor o gr\u0103mad\u0103 de dificult\u0103\u0163i. O explica\u0163ie plauzibil\u0103 pentru o sfer\u0103 de o secund\u0103, de pild\u0103, nu poate fi valabil\u0103 pentru o sfer\u0103 de zece secunde. O sfer\u0103 care dureaz\u0103 un minut sau mai mult \u201enecesit\u0103 o energie at\u00e2t de mare, \u00eenc\u00e2t nu se \u015ftie ce ar putea s\u0103 o produc\u0103”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Fulgerele globulare au \u015fi obiceiul de a str\u0103punge pere\u0163ii metalici ai avioanelor \u00een zbor. La 19 martie, 1963, profesorul de energie electric\u0103 – R. C. Jennison – a z\u0103rit un fulger globular mai \u00eent\u00e2i afar\u0103, apoi \u00een interiorul avionului cu care c\u0103l\u0103torea de la New York la Washington. Afar\u0103 o furtun\u0103 electric\u0103 era \u00een plin\u0103 desf\u0103\u015furare. Stein noteaz\u0103 despre experien\u0163a parcurs\u0103: \u201eMicroundele, undele radio, energia electric\u0103 sau cea emanat\u0103 de c\u0103ldur\u0103 – elemente care stau la baza diferitelor teorii – nu puteau p\u0103trunde prin fuselajul metalic. De asemenea, putem \u00eenl\u0103tura \u015fi antimateria ca o posibil\u0103 cauz\u0103 a fulgerului globular <\/em>(o ipotez\u0103 extraordinar\u0103 avansat\u0103 de E. T. F. Ashby \u015fi C. Whitehead \u00een revista Nature<\/em> din 19 martie, 1971). C\u00e2nd antimateria (adic\u0103 materie cu sarcini diametral opuse de acelea pe care le con\u0163ine materia normal\u0103 \u00een fiecare din particulele subatomice) vine \u00een contact cu materia normal\u0103, ambele sunt anihilate… Antimateriei i-ar fi dificil s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 prin corpul sau hubloul unui avion f\u0103r\u0103 a se ciocni cu materia obi\u015fnuit\u0103, prin aceasta autonimicindu-se”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Este de remarcat c\u0103 de\u015fi dovezile \u00een favoarea fulgerului globular sunt incidentale, iar unele din ele sunt at\u00e2t de bizare \u00eenc\u00e2t cu greu s-ar \u00eencadra \u00eentr-o teorie fizic\u0103 articulat\u0103, totu\u015fi existen\u0163a fenomenului e acceptat\u0103 – chiar dac\u0103 marginal\u00a0\u00a0 – de majoritatea membrilor comunit\u0103\u0163ii \u015ftiin\u0163ifice.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00e2teva clipe dup\u0103 ce auzise un sunet ca de tunet un parizian – dup\u0103 cum se spune – a fost martorul unei apari\u0163ii extraordinare: din \u015femineul apartamentului s\u0103u aflat la etajul al patrulea a \u0163\u00e2\u015fnit o minge de foc, de … <\/p>\n

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