{"id":10599,"date":"2010-01-17T13:48:41","date_gmt":"2010-01-17T11:48:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=10599"},"modified":"2010-01-17T13:48:41","modified_gmt":"2010-01-17T11:48:41","slug":"cum-dictatura-poate-aduce-fericire-si-prosperitate-dr-francia-despotul-paraguayului","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cum-dictatura-poate-aduce-fericire-si-prosperitate-dr-francia-despotul-paraguayului\/","title":{"rendered":"Cum dictatura poate aduce fericire \u015fi prosperitate: Dr. Francia, despotul Paraguayului"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Dr<\/a>Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia, din \u00eendep\u0103rtatul Paraguay, a studiat cu pasiune Revolu\u0163ia Francez\u0103. Admirator al Iluminismului \u015fi cititor asiduu al lui Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau \u015fi al enciclopedi\u015ftilor francezi, Francia a fost menit s\u0103 fie primul dintre numero\u015fii tirani paraguayeni care s-au modelat dup\u0103 Napoleon. Copil\u0103ria petrecut\u0103 \u00een compania unui tat\u0103 excentric \u015fi a unor fra\u0163i \u015fi surori nebuni a fost \u00een mod previzibil traumatizant\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1766, c\u00e2nd s-a n\u0103scut Francia, Paraguay era o \u0163ar\u0103 relativ mic\u0103 din America de Sud, f\u0103r\u0103 ie\u015fire la mare, guvernat\u0103 de Spania; c\u00e2nd a devenit pre\u015fedinte, \u00een 1814, era independent\u0103 \u015fi de st\u0103p\u00e2nul s\u0103u colonial, \u015fi de Argentina \u00eenvecinat\u0103. Fiind singurul om ce avea suficiente abilit\u0103\u0163i diplomatice, financiare \u015fi administrative pentru a conduce \u0163ara, Francia s-a proclamat imediat dictator pentru trei ani, apoi pe via\u0163\u0103. Odat\u0103 ajuns la putere, se pare c\u0103 a \u00eenceput s\u0103-\u015fi schimbe caracterul, dintr-un intelectual solitar – poseda cea mai mare bibliotec\u0103 din Asuncion – devenind un om de ac\u0163iune.<\/p>\n

Dr. Francia \u015fi-a impus \u00een \u0163ara sa o adev\u0103rat\u0103 dictatur\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cu o energie remarcabil\u0103, a \u00eenceput s\u0103 impun\u0103 \u00een Paraguay ceea ce istoricul sco\u0163ian Thomas Carlyle a descris drept \u201ecel mai \u00eendr\u0103zne\u0163 \u015fi mai extraordinar sistem despotic care a fost vreodat\u0103 opera unui singur individ”<\/em>. Toat\u0103 puterea statului, at\u00e2t cea legislativ\u0103, c\u00e2t \u015fi cea executiv\u0103, a fost concentrat\u0103 doar \u00een persoana lui. Tot ce i se cerea poporului era s\u0103 se supun\u0103 ordinelor sale; acestea erau puse \u00een aplicare de armat\u0103, care era format\u0103 din 5 000 de solda\u0163i din trupele regulate \u015fi din 20 000 de membri ai mili\u0163iei, care primeau, desigur, numeroase privilegii ce nu le erau acordate oamenilor obi\u015fnui\u0163i. Totu\u015fi, finan\u0163ele na\u0163ionale erau administrate corect \u015fi prudent, iar disputele erau reglementate obiectiv \u00een tribunale.<\/p>\n

C\u0103lug\u0103rii erau trimi\u015fi la munc\u0103 pe c\u00e2mp<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cu totul neobi\u015fnuit pentru astfel de regimuri, nu erau permise sinecuri guvernamentale \u015fi fiecare demnitar era obligat s\u0103 munceasc\u0103 onest; chiar \u015fi c\u0103lug\u0103rii erau trimi\u015fi s\u0103 munceasc\u0103 la c\u00e2mp (nu erau \u00eens\u0103 m\u0103cel\u0103ri\u0163i, a\u015fa cum avea s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2mple \u00een Cambodgia lui Pol Pot). Drept r\u0103zbunare \u00eempotriva elitelor cu descenden\u0163\u0103 spaniol\u0103, despre care credea c\u0103 \u00eel discriminaser\u0103 din cauza presupusului s\u0103u s\u00e2nge amestecat, Francia le-a interzis c\u0103s\u0103toria \u00eentre ei – oblig\u00e2ndu-i \u00een acest fel s\u0103-\u015fi aleag\u0103 so\u0163i din r\u00e2ndul popula\u0163iei b\u0103\u015ftina\u015fe.<\/p>\n

Izolarea total\u0103 a \u0163\u0103rii<\/strong><\/p>\n

Marea idee a lui Francia, foarte bizar\u0103, copiat\u0103 \u00eentr-o m\u0103sur\u0103 mai mic\u0103 de despo\u0163ii de mai t\u00e2rziu, cum ar fi Enver Hodja al Albaniei (1908-1985; pre\u015fedinte 1944-1985) \u015fi Kim Ir Sen din Coreea de Nord, a fost aceea de izolare total\u0103: s\u0103 taie orice leg\u0103turi ale \u0163\u0103rii cu lumea exterioar\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 o lase s\u0103 se dezvolte \u00een izolare. Era interzis\u0103 prin lege comunicarea cu orice alt\u0103 na\u0163iune \u015fi aproape toate formele de comer\u0163 exterior erau prohibite. Navele comerciale din Paraguay au fost l\u0103sate s\u0103 rugineasc\u0103 la mal; nimeni nu putea s\u0103 se apuce de comer\u0163 f\u0103r\u0103 un permis special de la dictator. Practic, singurele importuri permise erau armele \u015fi muni\u0163ia pentru armat\u0103, folosit\u0103 pentru a pune \u00een practic\u0103 embargoul.<\/p>\n

\"Paraguay\"<\/a>Din Paraguay n-aveai cum s\u0103 ie\u015fi, dar nici s\u0103 intri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Niciun paraguayan nu avea voie s\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103toreasc\u0103 \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate, a\u015fa c\u0103 aceast\u0103 \u0163ar\u0103, \u015fi a\u015fa \u00eenconjurat\u0103 doar de uscat, a devenit aproape total rupt\u0103 de restul unui continent imens \u015fi slab populat. Str\u0103inii care ajungeau acolo din \u00eent\u00e2mplare sau inten\u0163ionat erau aresta\u0163i, pentru c\u0103 Paraguay devenise o capcan\u0103 de \u015foareci -destul de u\u015for de intrat, dar foarte greu de ie\u015fit. Trei exploratori europeni, colegi ai marelui botanist Alexander von Humboldt, care s-au r\u0103t\u0103cit \u00een acea \u0163ar\u0103 din gre\u015feal\u0103, au fost de\u0163inu\u0163i acolo ani de zile. Uneori, cu acordul special al pre\u015fedintelui, i se permitea c\u00e2te unei persoane s\u0103 plece; dar astfel de ocazii erau rare.<\/p>\n

De-a lungul grani\u0163elor erau amplasate g\u0103rzi care \u00eempiedicau pe oricine s\u0103 intre ori s\u0103 ias\u0103 \u015fi care aveau ordin s\u0103 confi\u015fte orice material de contraband\u0103, cum ar fi c\u0103r\u0163i ce ar fi putut con\u0163ine idei subversive. Oricine ar fi fost suficient de \u00eendr\u0103zne\u0163 s\u0103 \u00eencerce s\u0103 evadeze se confrunta nu doar cu gr\u0103nicerii, ci \u015fi cu formidabilele bariere naturale formale de fluviile imense \u015fi o jungl\u0103 teoretic de nep\u0103truns. Singura modalitate practic\u0103 de a evada era cu barca pe fluviul Paraguay, c\u0103l\u0103torie pe care a \u00eencercat s\u0103 o fac\u0103 un turist francez \u00een 1823 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu cinci servitori negri. Tentativa spre libertate s-a sf\u00e2r\u015fit cu un dezastru, unul dintre oameni murind de epuizare, iar altul de la o mu\u015fc\u0103tur\u0103 de \u015farpe. \u00cen pragul mor\u0163ii el \u00eensu\u015fi, francezul \u015fi ceilal\u0163i tovar\u0103\u015fi ai s\u0103i s-au predat patrulelor rurale.<\/p>\n

Rezolvarea problemelor agricult\u0103rii: p\u0103m\u00e2ntul s\u0103 fie cultivat de dou\u0103 ori<\/strong><\/p>\n

De\u015fi comer\u0163ul cu lumea exterioar\u0103 era pierdut, Francia a \u00eencurajat cu mare grij\u0103 economia intern\u0103 din Paraguay, cum ar fi agricultura. Dar pericolele izol\u0103rii au devenit evidente \u00een 1820, c\u00e2nd dezastrul produs de l\u0103custe a provocat o foamete na\u0163ional\u0103. Neput\u00e2nd s\u0103 importe alimente din afara \u0163\u0103rii, Paraguay s-a confruntat cu un adev\u0103rat dezastru, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd Francia a ordonat, sub amenin\u0163area cu pedepse drastice, ca \u0163\u0103ranii s\u0103 \u00eens\u0103m\u00e2n\u0163eze din nou p\u0103m\u00e2ntul cu a doua recolt\u0103. Recolta care a rezultat a fost at\u00e2t de bun\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t sistemul a fost adoptat permanent, dubl\u00e2nd \u00een acest fel produsul agricol na\u0163ional \u00een fiecare an. Cur\u00e2nd a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se cultive orez \u015fi bumbac \u015fi au fost introduse industrii noi, cum ar fi cea textil\u0103.<\/p>\n

Mare dictator, dar popular<\/strong><\/p>\n

Relat\u0103rile scrise despre regimul lui Francia subliniaz\u0103 at\u00e2t \u00een\u0163elepciunea lui vizionar\u0103, c\u00e2t \u015fi \u00eenc\u0103lcarea flagrant\u0103 a celor mai elementare principii de drept. Spionajul intern a dus la distrugerea liberei exprim\u0103ri; oamenii erau aresta\u0163i f\u0103r\u0103 a fi \u00eenvinui\u0163i \u015fi disp\u0103reau f\u0103r\u0103 proces. Interogatoriile \u015fi tortura aveau loc \u00een a\u015fa-numita Camer\u0103 a Adev\u0103rului \u015fi \u00een fiecare an peste 400 de prizonieri politici erau trimi\u015fi \u00eentr-un lag\u0103r de deten\u0163ie, unde erau arunca\u0163i \u00een temni\u0163e \u015fi li se refuza \u00eengrijirea medical\u0103. Cu toate acestea, la moartea lui Francia, \u00een 1840, Paraguay ajunsese s\u0103 aib\u0103 o economie puternic\u0103 \u015fi prosper\u0103, iar independen\u0163a \u00eei fusese asigurat\u0103 \u00eentr-o vreme \u00een care continuarea existen\u0163ei sale ca stat era improbabil\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ciuda teoriilor lui bizare, Francia a l\u0103sat o \u0163ar\u0103 lini\u015ftit\u0103, cu trezoreria guvernului plin\u0103 \u015fi cu numeroase industrii noi \u015fi \u00eenfloritoare. Pe toat\u0103 durata administra\u0163iei sale s-a bucurat de o enorm\u0103 popularitate \u00een r\u00e2ndul claselor de jos, de\u015fi c\u0103lcase \u00een picioare drepturile omului \u015fi impusese un stat poli\u0163ienesc autoritar, bazat pe spionaj \u015fi coerci\u0163ie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia, din \u00eendep\u0103rtatul Paraguay, a studiat cu pasiune Revolu\u0163ia Francez\u0103. Admirator al Iluminismului \u015fi cititor asiduu al lui Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau \u015fi al enciclopedi\u015ftilor francezi, Francia a fost menit s\u0103 fie primul dintre numero\u015fii tirani paraguayeni … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10600,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[84,2840,1532,2839],"class_list":["post-10599","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-dictator","tag-dr-francia","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-paraguay","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nCum dictatura poate aduce fericire \u015fi prosperitate: Dr. Francia, despotul Paraguayului - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cum-dictatura-poate-aduce-fericire-si-prosperitate-dr-francia-despotul-paraguayului\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cum dictatura poate aduce fericire \u015fi prosperitate: Dr. Francia, despotul Paraguayului\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia, din \u00eendep\u0103rtatul Paraguay, a studiat cu pasiune Revolu\u0163ia Francez\u0103. 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