{"id":102376,"date":"2026-05-06T17:31:14","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T14:31:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=102376"},"modified":"2026-05-06T17:31:14","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T14:31:14","slug":"si-daca-materia-intunecata-nu-exista-asa-cum-presupun-fizicienii-de-decenii-intregi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/si-daca-materia-intunecata-nu-exista-asa-cum-presupun-fizicienii-de-decenii-intregi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u015ei dac\u0103 materia \u00eentunecat\u0103 nu exist\u0103, a\u015fa cum presupun fizicienii de decenii \u00eentregi?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Imagine:<\/strong> pixabay.com<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Materia \u00eentunecat\u0103<\/strong>: nu emite lumin\u0103, nu o absoarbe, nu o reflect\u0103. \u0218i dup\u0103 decenii de c\u0103ut\u0103ri, \u00eenc\u0103 nu am g\u0103sit nicio dovad\u0103 direct\u0103, irefutabil\u0103, c\u0103 exist\u0103. Aceast\u0103 materie invizibil\u0103 este ceea ce fizicienii numesc materie \u00eentunecat\u0103 \u0219i a fost principala explica\u021bie pentru una dintre cele mai dificile enigme ale cosmologiei \u00eenc\u0103 din anii 1930.<\/p>\n

Argumentul privind existen\u021ba materiei \u00eentunecate \u00eencepe cu o observa\u021bie simpl\u0103. C\u00e2nd astronomii calculeaz\u0103 c\u00e2t de repede se rotesc galaxiile, calculele nu se potrivesc.\u00a0Pe baza masei vizibile a stelelor \u0219i gazelor, galaxiile ar trebui s\u0103 se \u00eendep\u0103rteze unele de cel\u0103lalte, dar nu o fac. Se rotesc \u00een moduri care au sens doar dac\u0103 exist\u0103 o cantitate vast\u0103 de mas\u0103 suplimentar\u0103, invizibil\u0103, care \u021bine totul \u00eempreun\u0103. Aceast\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 dintre ceea ce vedem \u0219i ceea ce m\u0103sur\u0103m a fost confirmat\u0103 \u00een galaxii, roiuri de galaxii \u0219i structura la scar\u0103 larg\u0103 a \u00eentregului Univers.<\/p>\n

\u0218i cea mai simpl\u0103 explica\u021bie, cea \u00een jurul c\u0103reia cosmologii \u0219i-au construit modelele timp de aproape un secol, este c\u0103 Universul este umplut cu o form\u0103 de materie pe care pur \u0219i simplu nu o putem detecta direct. Acea explica\u021bie este materia \u00eentunecat\u0103.<\/p>\n

C\u0103utarea materiei \u00eentunecate este unul dintre cele mai mari eforturi \u0219tiin\u021bifice din istorie care au necesitat cele mai mari resurse. Experimentele se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 de zeci de ani, \u00eengropate ad\u00e2nc \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2nt, pentru a fi protejate de interferen\u021be. Experimentul DAMA\/LIBRA<\/strong> din Italia a petrecut ani de zile colect\u00e2nd date care p\u0103reau s\u0103 sugereze un semnal de materie \u00eentunecat\u0103. \u00cens\u0103, \u00een 2025, o analiz\u0103 combinat\u0103 a datelor provenite din dou\u0103 experimente independente, COSINE-100<\/strong> \u0219i ANAIS-112<\/strong>, a exclus efectiv acel semnal ca fiind o detectare a materiei \u00eentunecate, cu o \u00eencredere statistic\u0103 ridicat\u0103.<\/p>\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 2025, experimentul LZ<\/strong> din Dakota de Sud exclusese cea mai probabil\u0103 gam\u0103 de interac\u021biuni WIMP \u00een intervalul standard de mas\u0103 studiat timp de decenii, f\u0103r\u0103 a g\u0103si nicio particul\u0103 confirmat\u0103. WIMP<\/strong> este prescurtarea de la Weakly Interacting Massive Particle<\/strong> (Particul\u0103 Masiv\u0103 cu Interac\u021biune Slab\u0103 ) \u0219i a fost cel mai popular candidat pentru ceea ce ar putea fi de fapt materia \u00eentunecat\u0103. E\u0219ecul de a g\u0103si WIMP-uri nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 materia \u00eentunecat\u0103 nu exist\u0103. Dar asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 aria de c\u0103utare se restr\u00e2nge \u00een moduri care \u00eencep s\u0103-i fac\u0103 pe oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 se simt\u0103 inconfortabil.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 cum spune astrofizicianul Juan I. Collar<\/strong> de la Institutul Kavli pentru Fizic\u0103 Cosmologic\u0103, c\u0103ut\u0103rile particulelor de materie \u00eentunecat\u0103 s-au \u00eentins pe o perioad\u0103 de cel pu\u021bin dou\u0103 ori mai lung\u0103 dec\u00e2t nebunia eterului, cu multe rezultate negative. El se refer\u0103 la obsesia secolului al XIX-lea pentru eterul luminifer, mediul invizibil prin care oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 erau convin\u0219i c\u0103 lumina trebuie s\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103toreasc\u0103, dar care s-a dovedit a fi complet gre\u0219it.<\/p>\n

Dar, existen\u0163a materiei \u00eentunecate depinde de o singur\u0103 presupunere: aceea c\u0103 Newton \u0219i Einstein au avut perfect\u0103 dreptate \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te gravita\u021bia.\u00a0Cosmologul Stacy McGaugh<\/strong> de la Universitatea Case Western Reserve o spune clar: existen\u021ba presupus\u0103 a materiei \u00eentunecate este bazat\u0103 pe presupunerea c\u0103 Newton \u0219i Einstein ne-au \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat tot ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tim despre gravita\u021bie. Dar, gravita\u021bia newtonian\u0103 \u0219i relativitatea general\u0103 au fost testate cu o precizie extraordinar\u0103 \u00een laboratoare \u0219i \u00een \u00eentregul sistem solar.<\/p>\n

\u00cens\u0103, ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 dac\u0103 gravita\u021bia se comport\u0103 diferit la scara enorm\u0103 a galaxiilor \u0219i a roiurilor de galaxii? Ce-ar fi dac\u0103 ar exista un regim al fizicii, unul care implic\u0103 accelera\u021bii extrem de mici pe distan\u021be vaste, unde regulile se schimb\u0103 \u00een lini\u0219te? Exact asta propune o teorie numit\u0103 MOND <\/strong>– Dinamica Newtonian\u0103 Modificat\u0103. MOND a fost propus\u0103 de fizicianul Moti Milgrom<\/strong> \u00een 1983. Ideea de baz\u0103 este simpl\u0103: la accelera\u021bii sub un anumit prag, gravita\u021bia se comport\u0103 diferit fa\u021b\u0103 de cum a prezis Newton. \u00cen loc s\u0103 sl\u0103beasc\u0103 \u00een mod standard, atrac\u021bia gravita\u021bional\u0103 se aplatizeaz\u0103, ceea ce este exact ceea ce ai avea nevoie pentru a explica de ce galaxiile nu se despart.<\/p>\n

Ceea ce este remarcabil este c\u00e2t de bine a func\u021bionat MOND ca instrument predictiv. \u00cens\u0103, \u00een iunie 2025, cercet\u0103torii Case Western care studiau lentila gravita\u021bional\u0103 au descoperit dovezi c\u0103 influen\u021ba materiei vizibile se extinde mult dincolo de ceea ce prezic modelele de materie \u00eentunecat\u0103, lucru anticipat de MOND. „Fie halourile de materie \u00eentunecat\u0103 sunt mult mai mari dec\u00e2t ne a\u0219teptam, fie \u00eentreaga paradigm\u0103 este gre\u0219it\u0103”<\/em>, a spus McGaugh. Problema? MOND nu explic\u0103 totul. Se chinuie s\u0103 explice comportamentul roiurilor de galaxii \u0219i structura la scar\u0103 larg\u0103 a Universului. \u00cens\u0103, modelele de materie \u00eentunecat\u0103 gestioneaz\u0103 aceste aspecte mult mai curat.<\/p>\n

Majoritatea cosmologilor \u00eenc\u0103 \u00eenclin\u0103 puternic spre materia \u00eentunecat\u0103 \u0219i au motive \u00eentemeiate. Cercet\u0103torul Don Lincoln<\/strong> de la Fermilab subliniaz\u0103 dou\u0103 observa\u021bii care i-au schimbat ferm propria opinie \u00een tab\u0103ra materiei \u00eentunecate. Primul este Roiul Bullet<\/strong> – o faimoas\u0103 coliziune a dou\u0103 roiuri de galaxii \u00een care masa \u0219i gazul vizibil s-au separat \u00een timpul impactului. Masa, detectat\u0103 prin lentil\u0103 gravita\u021bional\u0103, a continuat s\u0103 se mi\u0219te, \u00een timp ce gazul vizibil a \u00eencetinit. Acest lucru este aproape imposibil de explicat cu ajutorul lui MOND, dar se potrive\u0219te \u00een mod natural cu teoria materiei \u00eentunecate.<\/p>\n

A doua dovad\u0103 este \u0219i mai ciudat\u0103. Astronomii au descoperit galaxii ultra-difuze, care par s\u0103 nu con\u021bin\u0103 aproape deloc materie \u00eentunecat\u0103. Lincoln sus\u021bine c\u0103 aceasta este de fapt o dovad\u0103 puternic\u0103 c\u0103 materia \u00eentunecat\u0103 exist\u0103. Dac\u0103 gravita\u021bia modificat\u0103 (MOND) ar fi adev\u0103rata explica\u021bie, fiecare galaxie s-ar comporta la fel. Existen\u021ba galaxiilor care respect\u0103 exact regulile standard ale lui Newton sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 materia \u00eentunecat\u0103 este o substan\u021b\u0103 real\u0103 care pur \u015fi simplu le lipse\u015fte unor galaxii.<\/p>\n

Astrofizicianul Indranil Banik<\/strong> de la Universitatea din Portsmouth a sus\u021binut cu t\u0103rie teoria MOND timp de un deceniu, public\u00e2nd pe larg \u00een favoarea acesteia. Dar acum nu mai face asta. Dup\u0103 ce a efectuat o analiz\u0103 detaliat\u0103 a mii de stele binare, folosind date de la telescopul spa\u021bial Gaia, el a concluzionat c\u0103 predic\u021bia MOND a fost infirmat\u0103 \u00een mod concludent la acea scar\u0103. „Dac\u0103 materia \u00eentunecat\u0103 nu exist\u0103 de fapt<\/em> – scrie Banik – nu prea se poate \u00een\u021belege Universul, chiar dac\u0103 cineva este preg\u0103tit s\u0103 modifice gravita\u021bia”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 dac\u0103 materia \u00eentunecat\u0103 exist\u0103, dar noi suntem fizic incapabili s\u0103 o detect\u0103m? Lincoln ridic\u0103 direct aceast\u0103 problem\u0103: dac\u0103 materia \u00eentunecat\u0103 interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 doar prin gravita\u021bie \u0219i nimic altceva, niciun detector de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt nu o va \u00eenregistra vreodat\u0103. Ne-am afla \u00een pozi\u021bia inconfortabil\u0103 de a \u0219ti c\u0103 ceva exist\u0103 acolo, fiind siguri de efectele sale gravita\u021bionale, dar r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd permanent orbi fa\u021b\u0103 de natura sa.<\/p>\n

Fizicianul Sabine Hossenfelder<\/strong> sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 acesta este exact motivul pentru care ar considera o explica\u021bie mai interesant\u0103, bazat\u0103 pe gravita\u021bie. O modificare a gravita\u021biei ar putea fi legat\u0103 de gravita\u021bia cuantic\u0103<\/strong>, una dintre cele mai profunde probleme nerezolvate din fizic\u0103, \u0219i ar putea, de asemenea, s\u0103 aduc\u0103 lumin\u0103 asupra energiei \u00eentunecate, for\u021ba care determin\u0103 expansiunea accelerat\u0103 a Universului. Ea adaug\u0103, cu sinceritate, c\u0103 at\u00e2t materia \u00eentunecat\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i gravita\u021bia modificat\u0103 sunt la fel de nesatisf\u0103c\u0103toare.<\/p>\n

Materia \u00eentunecat\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne cea mai simpl\u0103 \u0219i mai sus\u021binut\u0103 explica\u021bie pentru o gam\u0103 enorm\u0103 de observa\u021bii. Dar simplitatea nu este acela\u0219i lucru cu adev\u0103rul. Deceniile de experimente de detectare e\u0219uate, succesul continuu al MOND \u00een prezicerea comportamentului galaxiilor \u0219i nelini\u0219tea profund\u0103 din r\u00e2ndul fizicienilor de renume sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 aceast\u0103 \u00eentrebare este departe de a fi rezolvat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Ceea ce este stabilit este urm\u0103torul lucru: lipse\u0219te ceva. Universul are o atrac\u021bie gravita\u021bional\u0103 mai mare dec\u00e2t putem explica cu materia vizibil\u0103. Fie c\u0103 piesa lips\u0103 este o particul\u0103 exotic\u0103, o ciud\u0103\u021benie a gravita\u021biei sau ceva ce nimeni nu \u0219i-a imaginat \u00eenc\u0103, r\u0103spunsul va remodela complet fizica atunci c\u00e2nd va sosi \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it. Deocamdat\u0103, una dintre cele mai mari \u00eentreb\u0103ri din \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne deschis\u0103 \u0219i exact acolo se ascund cele mai interesante descoperiri.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Materia \u00eentunecat\u0103: nu emite lumin\u0103, nu o absoarbe, nu o reflect\u0103. \u0218i dup\u0103 decenii de c\u0103ut\u0103ri, \u00eenc\u0103 nu am g\u0103sit nicio dovad\u0103 direct\u0103, irefutabil\u0103, c\u0103 exist\u0103. Aceast\u0103 materie invizibil\u0103 este ceea ce fizicienii numesc materie \u00eentunecat\u0103 \u0219i a fost principala … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":102377,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11039],"tags":[5633,102,5806,610,3054,2048,433,1367,86,345,1809,16364,808,6790,20586,1087,2250,16365],"class_list":["post-102376","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-astronomie","tag-acceleratie","tag-astronomie","tag-cosmolog","tag-einstein","tag-energie-intunecata","tag-fizician","tag-galaxie","tag-gravitatie","tag-italia","tag-materie","tag-materie-intunecata","tag-mond","tag-newton","tag-particule","tag-stele-binare","tag-univers","tag-universitate","tag-wimps","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\n\u015ei dac\u0103 materia \u00eentunecat\u0103 nu exist\u0103, a\u015fa cum presupun fizicienii de decenii \u00eentregi? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/si-daca-materia-intunecata-nu-exista-asa-cum-presupun-fizicienii-de-decenii-intregi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u015ei dac\u0103 materia \u00eentunecat\u0103 nu exist\u0103, a\u015fa cum presupun fizicienii de decenii \u00eentregi?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Materia \u00eentunecat\u0103: nu emite lumin\u0103, nu o absoarbe, nu o reflect\u0103. \u0218i dup\u0103 decenii de c\u0103ut\u0103ri, \u00eenc\u0103 nu am g\u0103sit nicio dovad\u0103 direct\u0103, irefutabil\u0103, c\u0103 exist\u0103. 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